ing the remainder of his life he continued to oppose the Latin church wherever he could; and it was mainly owing to his influence that, after his death, the union was broken off. For, on his death-bed in 1447, he solemnly requested Georgius Scholarius, to continue the struggle against the Latins, which | he himself had carried on, and Georgius promised, and faithfully kept his word. The funeral oration on Eugenicus was delivered by the same friend, Georgius.

M. Eugenicus was the author of many works, most of which were directed against the Latin church, whence they were attacked by those Greeks who were in favour of that church, such as Joseph of Methone, Bessarion, and others. The following are printed either entire or in part. 1. A Letter to the emperor Palaeologus, in which he cautions the Greeks against the council of Florence, and exposes the intrigues of the Latins. It is printed, with a Latin version and an answer by Joseph of Methone, in Labbeus, Concil. vol. xiii. p. 677. 2. A Circular, addressed to all Christendom, on the same subject, is printed in Labbeus, l. c. p.740, with an answer by Gregorius Protosyncellus. 3. A Treatise on Liturgical Subjects, in which he maintains the spiritual power of the priesthood. It is printed in the Liturgiae, p. 138, ed. Paris, 1560. 4. A Profession of Faith, of which a fragment, with a Latin translation, is printed in Allatius, de Consensu, iii. 3. § 4. 5. A Letter to the emperor Palaeologus, of which a fragment is given in Allatius, de Synodo Octava, 14, p. 544. His other works are still extant in MS., but have never been published. A list of them is given by Fabricius. (Bibl. Graec. vol. xi. p. 670, &c.; comp. Cave, Hist. Lit. vol. i. Appendix, p. 111, &c.) [L. S.]

EUGENIUS, an African confessor, not less celebrated for his learning and sanctity than for the courage with which he advocated the doctrines of the orthodox faith during the persecution of the Arian Vandals towards the close of the fifth century. At first tolerated by Hunneric, who acquiesced in his elevation to the see of Carthage in A. D. 480, he was subsequently transported by that prince, after the stormy council held in February A. D. 484, to the deserts of Tripoli, from whence he was recalled by the tardy clemency of Gundamund, but eight years afterwards was arrested, tried and condemned to death by Thrasimund, who, however, commuted the sentence to banishment. The place fixed upon was Vienne in Languedoc, where Alaric at that period held sway. Here Eugenius founded a monastery near the tomb of St. Amaranthus, where he passed his time in devout tranquillity until his death on the 13th of July A. D. 505.

Under the name of Eugenius we possess a confession of faith drawn up in accordance with the doctrines recognised by the council of Nicaea, and presented on the part of the orthodox African prelates to Hunneric, under the title, Professio fidei Catholicorum episcoporum Hunerico regi oblata. It will be found in the Bibl. Max. Patr. Lugdun. 1677, vol. viii. p. 683, and an account of its contents in Schröck, Kirchengeschichte, vol. xviii. p. 97. Gennadius mentions several other works by this author, but they no longer exist. For the original documents connected with the Vandal persecution see "Victor Vitensis de persecutione Vandalica" with the notes of Ruinart, Paris, 1694; the "Vita S. Fulgentii" in the Bibl. Max. Patr. Lugdun.

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1677, vol. ix., p. 4; and Procopius, De Bello Vandalico, i. 7, &c. [W. R.] EUGENIUS, who was bishop of Toledo from A. D. 646 to 657, is mentioned under DRACONTIUS as the editor and enlarger of the work by Dracontius upon the Creation. He is known also as the author of thirty-two short original poems composed on a great variety of subjects, chiefly however moral and religious, in heroic, elegiac, trochaic, and sapphic measures. These were pub lished by Sirmond at Paris, 8vo. 1619, will be found also in the collected works of Sirmond (Paris 1696 and Venice 1728), in the Bibl. Patr. Max. Lugdun. 1677, vol. xii. p. 345, and in the edition of Dracontius by Rivinus, Lips. 1651. Two Epigrams by Eugenius-one on the invention of letters, the other on the names of hybrid animals, are contained in the Anthologia Latina of Burmann, ii. 264, v. 164, or n. 386, 387, ed. Meyer. [W. R.]

EUGENIUS, praefectus praetorio Orientis in A. D. 547 or 540. He was the author of an Edict concerning the accounts of publicans, which is inserted in the collection of the Edicta praefectorum praetorio. (Biener, Geschichte der Novellen Justinians. p. 532; Zachariae, Anecdota, p.261.) [J. T. G.]

EUGENIUS, a Greek physician, of whom it is only known that he must have lived some time in or before the first century after Christ, as one of his medical formulae is quoted by Andromachus. (ap. Galen. de Compos. Medicam. sec. Locos, vii. 6. vol. xiii. p. 114.) He is also quoted by Gariopontus (de Febr. c. 7), from which it would appear either that some of his works were extant in the eleventh century, or that some sources of information concerning him were then to be had which do not now exist. [W. A. G.]

EU'GEON (Evyéwv or Evyalwv), of Samos, one of the earliest Greek historians mentioned by Dionysius of Halicarnassus. (Jud. de Thucyd. 5; comp. Suid. s. v.) [L. S.]

EUGESIPPUS (Evуýσños), the author of a work on the distances of places in the Holy Land, of which a Latin translation is printed in Leo Allatius' Zvμμikтά. He lived about A. D. 1040, but no particulars are known about him. [L. S.]

EUGRAMMUS. [EUCHEIR, No. 2.]

EUGRA'PHIUS, a Latin grammarian, who is believed to have flourished as late as the end of the tenth century, is the author of a few unimportant notes upon Terence, referring chiefly to the prologues. They were first published by Faernus (Florent. 8vo. 1565), were subsequently improved and enlarged by Lindenbrogius (4to. Paris, 1502, Francf. 1623) and Westerhovius (Hag. Com. 4to. 1726), and are given in all the more complete editions of the dramatist. We hear also of a MS. in the Bibliothêque du Roi at Paris, intitled Commentum in Terentium, bearing the name of Eugraphius, which Lindenbrogius did not think worth publishing. [W. R.]

EU'HODUS, a freedman of the emperor Septimius Severus and tutor to Caracalla, who was nursed by his wife Euhodia. At the instigation of the young prince he contrived the ruin of the too powerful Plautianus [PLAUTIANUS]; but although loaded with honours on account of this good service, he was put to death in A. D. 211, almost immediately after the accession of his foster-son, from a suspicion, probably, that he entertained friendly feelings towards the hated Geta. When Tertulliar

(ad Scap. c. 4) says that young Antoninus was reared upon Christian milk, he refers to Proculus, the steward of Euhodus, for there is no reason to believe that either Euhodus or his wife professed the true faith, as some have imagined. (Dion Cass. lxxvi. 3, 6, lxxvii. 1.) [W. R.]

EVIPPE (E3íππn), the name of five mythological personages, concerning whom nothing of interest is related. (Apollod. ii. 1. § 5; Paus. ix. 34. § 5; Parthen, Erot. 3; Eratosth. Catast. 18; Ov. Met. v. 303.) [L. S.]

EVIPPUS (EVITTоs). 1. A son of Thestius and Eurythemis, who, together with his brothers, was killed by Meleager. (Apollod. i. 7. § 10, 8. § 3.)

2. A son of Megareus, who was killed by the Cithaeronean lion. (Paus. i. 41. § 4.) There are two other mythical personages of this name. (Hom. Il. xvi. 417; Steph. Byz. s. v. 'Aλábavda.) [L.S.] EULAEUS (Evλaîos), an eunuch, became one of the regents of Egypt and guardians of Ptolemy Philometor on the death of Cleopatra, the mother of the latter, in B. c. 173. The young king was then 13 years old, and he is said to have been brought up in the greatest luxury and effeminacy by Eulaeus, who hoped to render his own influence permanent by the corruption and consequent weakness of Ptolemy. It was Eulaeus who, by refusing the claims of Antiochus IV. (Epiphanes) to the provinces of Coele-Syria and Palestine, involved Egypt in the disastrous war with Syria in B. c. 171. (Polyb. xxviii. 16; Diod. Fragm. lib. xxx. Exc. de Leg. xviii. p. 624, de Virt. et Vit. p. 579; Liv. xlii. 29, xlv. 11, 12; App. Syr. 66; Just. xxxiv. 2.) [E. E.]

EULO'GIUS. [ECLOGIUS.] EULO’GIUS, FAVO'NIUS, a rhetorician of Carthage, and a contemporary and disciple of St. Augustin. (August. de Cur. pro Mort. 11.) Under his name we possess a disputation on Cicero's Somnium Scipionis, which contains various discussions on points of the Pythagorean doctrine of numbers. The treatise was first printed by A. Schott at the end of his Quaestiones Tullianae (Antwerp, 1613, 8vo.), and afterwards in the edition of Cicero's de Officiis, by Graevius (1688), from which it is reprinted with some improvements in Orelli's edition of Cicero, vol. v. part. 1, pp. 397 [L. S.] EU'MACHUS (Evμaxos). 1. A Corinthian, son of Chrysis, was one of the generals sent by the Corinthians in the winter of B. c. 431 in command of an armament to restore Evarchus, tyrant of Astacus, who had been recently expelled by the Athenians. (Thuc. ii. 33.)

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2. A native of Neapolis, who, according to Athenaeus (xiii. p. 577), wrote a work entitled Ἱστορίαι τῶν περὶ ̓Αννίβαν. It is perhaps the same Eumachus of whose work entitled Пepinynois a fragment is still extant in Phlegon. (Mirab. c. 18.) [C. P. M.]

EUMAEUS (Evuaios), the famous and faithful swineherd of Odysseus, was a son of Ctesius, king of the island of Syrie; he had been carried away from his father's house by a Phoenician slave, and Phoenician sailors sold him to Laërtes, the father of Odysseus. (Hom. Od. xv. 403, &c.; comp. ODYSSEUS.) [L. S.]

to read Thymaridas, who is known as a celebrated Pythagorean. (Iambl. l. c. 23, with Kiessling's note.) [L. S.] EÚ'MARUS, a very ancient Greek painter of monochromes, was the first, according to Pliny, who distinguished, in painting, the male from the female, and who "dared to imitate all figures. His invention was improved upon by Simon of Cleonae. (xxxv. 8. s. 34.) Müller (Arch. d. Kunst, §74) supposes that the distinction was made by a difference of colouring; but Pliny's words seem rather to refer to the drawing of the figure. [P. S.] EUMA'THIUS. [EUSTATHIUS, No. 5.]

EUME'LUS (Evunλos), a son of Admetus and Alcestis, who went with eleven ships and warriors from Pherae, Boebe, Glaphyrae, and Iaolcus to Troy. He was distinguished for his excellent horses, which had once been under the care of Apollo, and with which Eumelus would have gained the prize at the funeral games of Patroclus, if his chariot had not been broken. He was married to Iphthima, the daughter of Icarius. (Hom. Il. ii. 711, &c. 764, xxiii. 375, 536, Od. iv. 798; Strab. ix. p. 436.) There are three other mythological personages of this name. (Anton. Lib. 15, 18; Paus. vii. 18. § 2.) [L. S.]

EUMELUS (Εύμηλος), one of the three sons of Parysades, King of Bosporus. After his father's death he engaged in a war for the crown with his brothers Satyrus and Prytanis, who were successively killed in battle. Eumelus reigned most prosperously for five years and five months, B. C. 309-304. (Diod. xx. 22-26; Clinton, F. H. vol. ii. pp. 282, 285.) [P.S.]

EUME'LUS (Evμnλos). 1. Of Corinth, the son of Amphilytus, a very ancient Epic poet, belonged, according to some, to the Epic cycle. His name, like Eucheir, Eugranimus, &c., is significant, referring to his skill in poetry. He was of the noble house of the Bacchiadae, and flourished about the 5th Olympiad, according to Eusebius (Chron.*), who makes him contemporary with Arctinus. (Comp. Cyril, c. Julian. i. p. 13; Clem. Alex. Strom. i. p. 144.)

Those of the poems ascribed to him, which appear pretty certainly genuine, were genealogical and historical legends. To this class belonged his Corinthian History (Paus. ii. 1. § 1, 2. § 2, 3. § 8; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. i. 148; Tzetz. Schol. ad Lycophr. 1024, comp. 174, 480), his πρoσódiov és Aλov, from which some lines are quoted by Pausanias, who considered it the only genuine work of Eumelus (iv. 4. § 1, 33. §§ 2, 3, v. 19. § 2), and the Europia (Euseb. l. c.; Clem. Alex. Strom.i. p. 151; Schol. ad Hom. Il. ii. p. 121.) He also wrote Bougonia, a poem on bees, which the Greeks called βουγόναι and βουγενείς. (Euseb. l. c.; Varro. R. R. ii. 5. § 5, ed. Schneid.) Some writers ascribed to him a Tiravouaxía, which also was attributed to Arctinus. (Athen. vii. p. 277, d., comp. i. p. 22, c.; Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. i. 1165.)

The cyclic poem on the return of the Greeks from Troy (vooros) is ascribed to Eumelus by a Scholiast on Pindar (Ol. xiii. 31), who writes the name wrongly, Eumolpus. The lines quoted by this Scholiast are also given by Pausanias, under the name of Eumelus. (Vossius, de Hist. Graec. pp. 5, 6, ed. Westermann; Welcker, die Epische Cyclus, p. 274.)

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the remaining leaders of the party of Perdiccas, | were condemned to death. The conduct of the war against them was assigned to Antigonus; but he did not take the field until the following summer (B. c. 320). Eumenes had wintered at Celaenae in Phrygia, and strengthened himself by all means in his power, but he was unable to make head against Antigonus, who defeated him in the plains of Orcynium in Cappadocia; and finding himself unable to effect his retreat into Armenia, as he had designed to do, he adopted the resolution of disbanding the rest of his army, and throwing himself, with only 700 troops, into the small but impregnable fortress of Nora, on the confines of Lycaonia and Cappadocia. (Plut. Eum. 8—10; Diod. xviii. 37, 40, 41; Corn. Nep. Eum. 5.) Here he was closely blockaded by the forces of Antigonus; but, confident in the strength of his post, refused all offers of capitulation, and awaited the result of external changes. It was not long before these took place: the death of Antipater caused a complete alteration in the relations of the different leaders; and Antigonus, who was anxious to obtain the assistance of Eumenes, made him the most plausible offers, of which the latter only availed himself so far as enabled him to quit his mountain fortress, in which he had now held out nearly a year, and withdraw to Cappadocia. Here he was busy in levying troops and gathering his friends together, when he received letters from Polysperchon and Olympias, entreating his support, and granting him, in the name of the king, the supreme command throughout Asia. Eumenes was, whether from interest or from real attachment, always disposed to espouse the cause of the royal family of Macedonia, and gladly embraced the offer: he eluded the pursuit of Menander, who marched against him by order of Antigonus, and arrived in Cilicia, where he found the select body of Macedonian veterans called the Argyraspids, under Antigenes and Teutamus. These, as well as the royal treasures deposited at Quinda, had been placed at his disposal by Polysperchon and Olympias: but though welcomed at first with apparent enthusiasm, Eumenes was well aware of the jealousy with which he was regarded, and even sought to avoid the appearance of commanding the other generals by the singular expedient of erecting a tent in which the throne, the crown and sceptre of Alexander were preserved, and where all councils of war were held, as if in the presence of the deceased monarch. (Plut. Eum. 11-13; Diod. xviii. 42, 53, 58–61; Polyaen. iv. 8. § 2; Justin. xiv. 2.) By these and other means Eumenes succeeded in conciliating the troops under his command, so that they rejected all the attempts made by Ptolemy and Antigonus to corrupt their fidelity. At the same time he made extensive levies of mercenaries, and having assembled in all a numerous army, he advanced into Phoenicia, with the view of reducing the maritime towns, and sending a fleet from thence to the assistance of Polysperchon. This plan was, however, frustrated by the arrival of the fleet of Antigonus, and the advance of that general himself with a greatly superior force. Eumenes in consequence retired into the interior of Asia, and took up his winterquarters in Babylonia. (Diod. xviii. 61-63, 73.) In the spring of 317 he descended the left bank of the Tigris, and having foiled all the endeavours of Seleucus to prevent his passing that river, ad- |

vanced into Susiana, where he was joined by Peucestes at the head of all the forces of Media, Persia, and the other provinces of Upper Asia. Still he did not choose to await here the advance of Antigonus; and leaving a strong garrison to guard the royal treasures at Susa, he took post with his army behind the Pasitigris. Antigonus, who had followed him out of Babylonia, and effected his junction with Seleucus and Pithon, now marched against him; but having met with a check at the river Copratas, withdrew by a cross march through a difficult country into Media, while Eumenes took up his quarters at Persepolis. He had many difficulties to contend with, not only from the enemy, but from the discontent of his own troops, the relaxation of their discipline when they were allowed to remain in the luxurious provinces of Persia, and above all from the continual jealousies and intrigues of the generals and satraps under his command. But whenever they were in circumstances of difficulty or in presence of the enemy, all were at once ready to acknowledge his superiority, and leave him the uncontrolled direction of everything. The two armies first met on the confines of Gabiene, when a pitched battle ensued, with no decided advantage to either side; after which Antigonus withdrew to Gadamarga in Media, while Eumenes established his winter-quarters in Gabiene. Here Antigonus attempted to surprise him by a sudden march in the depth of the winter; but he was too wary to be taken unprepared: he contrived by a stratagem to delay the march of his adversary until he had time to collect his scattered forces, and again bring matters to the issue of a pitched battle. Neither party obtained a complete victory, and Eumenes would have renewed the combat the next day; but the baggage of the Macedonian troops had fallen into the hands of the enemy, and the Argyraspids, furious at their loss, agreed to purchase its restoration from Antigonus by delivering up their general into his hands. The latter is said to have been at first disposed to spare the life of his captive, which he was strongly urged to do by Nearchus and the young Demetrius; but all his other officers were of the contrary opinion, and Eumenes was put to death a few days after he had fallen into the hands of the enemy. (Plut. Eum. 13-19; Diod. xix. 12—15, 17—34, 37 -44; Corn. Nep. Eum. 7-12; Justin. xiv. 3, 4; Polyaen. iv. 8. § 3, 4.) These events took

place in the winter of 317 to 316 B. c.*

Eumenes was only forty-five years old at the time of his death. (Corn. Ñep. Eum. 13.) Of his consummate ability, both as a general and a statesman, no doubt can be entertained; and it is proba ble that he would have attained a far more important position among the successors of Alexander, had it not been for the accidental disadvantage of his birth. But as a Greek of Cardia, and not a native Macedonian, he was constantly looked upon with dislike, and even with contempt, both by his opponents and companions in arms, at the very time that they were compelled to bow beneath his

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* In the relation of these events, the chronology of Droysen has been followed. Mr. Clinton (whe places the death of Eumenes early in 315 B. C.) appears to have been misled by attaching too much importance to the archonships, as mentioned by Diodorus. See Droysen, Gesch. d. Nachf. p. 269, not.