No. 84. Silly Habits of Coffee-house Orators-Twist- 85. On Scandal-Letter from a Sufferer by Ca- 86. Classical Descriptions-of the War Horse in CONTENTS. 87. General Taste for Intrigue-Immorality of 88. Superiority of the Christian Ideas of the Be- Steele. Berkeley. 89. Christian Ideas of a Future State. 91. Account of the Short Club. 92. The same, Characters of the Members. 94. On Education. Steele. No. 130. Merit of the Speculative and Active Part of Mankind. Bartlette. Steele. 131. On Habits of Sloth and Vice. 134. The Lion, how treated by the Town-Com- Addison 136. Various Causes of Death-Country Bill of Mortality. 137. Advantages of Illustrious Birth-how Contaminated-Pride of Mr. Ironside. Wotton. 138. On Regard for Posterity. 95. Adventure of a Strolling Company-Letters on Lions-Coffee-houses-a Virtuoso-on the Terræ filius. 96. A Proposal for Honorary Rewards-Coins and Medals. Steele. Addison. 97. Letter from Simon Softly, complaining of a Widow-Advice to him. 98. Notice of the Tatler and Spectator-Scheme 101. Letters from France-Gavety of the French. 104. Story of a French Gentleman-Letter on the 105. Exhibition of the Charity Children-Propo sals to extend our Charities. 106. Vision of Aurelia with a Window in her Breast. 107. Letter from a Projector, offering himself as 108. Institution of the Tall Club. 111. Improper Conduct of the British Youth- 113. Letter from a Citizen in his Honey-moonTom Truelove's Courtship. 114. Erection of the Lion's Head-Remarks on Lions-on Petticoats. 115. On Criticism-Strada's Prolusion. 116. Matters of Dress not to be introduced in the Pulpit-Letter on Naked Breasts. 117. Happiness of living under the Protection of Omnipotence. 118. Information from a Lioness-Offer of an Out riding Lion. 119. Translation of Strada's Prolusion. 120. On Female Gamesters. 121. Account of the Silent Club. On Female Undressing. 122. Sequel of Strada's Prolusion. 139. History of Lions-Story of Androcles. 141. On Wit-Life of the Author. 143. Account of the Terrible Club. 144. Variety of Humour among the English. 146. History of Lions-Story of Sir George Da vis.. 147. Folly of Extravagance in New-married Per sons. 143. History of Santon 149. Genius Lequisite to Excel in Dress. Steele Gay. Steele Addison. 151. Letter from the Father of a young Rake. 153. Pride not made for Man. 154. Lucifer's Account of a Masquerade. 157. The same, concluded. 158. Proper Employment of Time; a Vision. 161. Proper Sense and Notion of Honour. 163. "Letter from an Insulted Chaplain-Poem by 164. On Translations-Speech of Pluto from Clau 123. On Seducers of Innocence-Letter to one from a Mother. Horns 124. Letters from a University Lion-on 172. On the Invention of Letters-Poem in Praise Tickell. 173. On laying out Gardens-Whimsical Form of Steele 127. The Court of Venus from Claudian. 123. On the Demolition of Dunkirk. ology. Berkeley. 174. On the Manners of the Bath Visitors. Pope. Steele. 129. On Anger Revenge, Duelling 176. Three Letters intended for the Guardian. Hughes ORIGINAL DEDICATIONS. VOLUME THE FIRST. TO LIEUTENANT-GENERAL CADOGAN. SIR,-In the character of Guardian, it be- | present fortune unenvied. For the public always hoves me to do honour to such as have deserved reap greater advantage from the example of well of society, and laid out worthy and manly successful merit, than the deserving man himqualities, in the service of the public. No man self can possibly be possessed of; your country has more eminently distinguished himself this knows how eminently you excel in the several way, than Mr. Cadogan; with a contempt of parts of military skill, whether in assigning the pleasure, rest, and ease, when called to the du-encampment, accommodating the troops, leadties of your glorious profession, you have-lived ing to the charge, or pursuing the enemy: the in a familiarity with dangers, and with a strict retreat being the only part of the profession eye upon the final purpose of the attempt, have which has not fallen within the experience of wholly disregarded what should befall yourself those, who learned their warfare under the duke in the prosecution of it; thus has life risen to of Marlborough. But the true and honest puryou, as fast as you resigned it, and every new pose of this epistle is to desire a place in your hour, for having so frankly lent the preceding friendship, without pretending to add any thing moments to the cause of justice and of liberty, to your reputation, who, by your own gallant has come home to you, improved with honour: actions, have acquired that your name through This happy distinction, which is so very peculiar all ages shall be read with honour, wherever to you, with the addition of industry, vigilance, mention shall be made of that illustrious cappatience of labour, thirst, and hunger, in com-tain. I am, sir, your most obedient, and most mon with the meanest soldier, has made-your humble servant, THE GUARDIAN. VOLUME THE SECOND. TO MR. PULTENEY.* SIR,-The greatest honour of human life, is to live well with men of merit; and I hope you will pardon me the vanity of publishing, by this means, my happiness in being able to name you among my friends. The conversation of a gentleman, that has a refined taste of letters, and a disposition in which those letters found nothing to correct, but very much to exert, is a good fortune too uncommon to be enjoyed in silence. In others, the greatest business of learning is to weed the soil; in you, it had nothing else to do, but to bring forth fruit. Affability, complacency, and generosity of heart, which are natural to you, wanted nothing from literature, but to refine and direct the application of them. After I have boasted I had some share in your familiarity, I know not how to do you the justice of celebrating you for the choice of an elegant and Afterwards Earl of Bath. worthy acquaintance, with whom you live in the happy communication of generous sentiments, which contribute not only to your own mutual entertainment and improvement, but to the honour and service of your country. Zeal for the public good is the characteristic of a man of honour, and a gentleman, and must take place of pleasures, profits, and all other private gratifications. Whoever wants this motive is an open enemy, or an inglorious neuter to mankind, in proportion to the misapplied advantages with which nature and fortune have blessed him. But you have a soul animated with nobler views, and know that the distinction of wealth and plenteous circumstances, is a tax upon an honest mind, to endeavour, as much as the occurrences of life will give him leave, to guard the properties of others, and be vigilant for the good of his fellow-subjects. This generous inclination, no man possesses in a warmer degree than yourself; which, that heaven would reward with long possession of that reputation into which you have made so early an entrance, the reputation of a man of sense, a good citizen, and agreeable companion, a disinterested friend, and an unbiassed patriot, is the hearty prayer of, sir, your most obliged, and most obedient, humble servant, THE GUARDIAN. THE PUBLISHER TO THE READER. It is a justice which Mr. Ironside owes gentlemen who have sent him their assistances from time to time, in the carrying on of this work, to acknowledge that obligation, though at the same time he himself dwindles into the character of a mere publisher, by making the acknowledgment. But whether a man does it out of justice or gratitude, or any other virtuous reason or not, it is also a prudential act to take no more upon a man than he can bear. Too large a credit has made many a bankrupt, but taking even less than a man can answer with ease, is a sure fund for extending it whenever his occasions require. All those papers which are distinguished by the mark of a Hand, were written by a gentleman who has obliged the world with productions too sublime to admit that the author of them should receive any addition to his reputation, from such loose occasional thoughts as make up these little treatises; for which reason his name shall be concealed. Those which are marked with a Star, were composed by Mr. Budgell. That upon Dedications, with the Epistle of an Author to Himself, the Club of little Men, the Receipt to make an Epic Poem, the paper of the Gardens of Alcinous, and the Catalogue of Greens, that against Barbarity to Animals, and some others, have Mr. Pope for their author. Now I mention this gentleman, I take this opportunity, out of the affection I have for his person, and respect to his merit, to let the world know, that he is now translating Homer's Iliad by subscription. He has given good proof of his ability for the work, and the men of greatest wit and learning of this nation, of all parties, are, according to their dif ferent abilitics, zealous encouragers, or solicitors for the work. But to my present purpose. The letter from Gnatho of the Cures performed by Flattery, and that of comparing Dress to Criticism, are Mr Gay's. Mr. Martin, Mr. Philips, Mr. Tickell, Mr. Carey, Mr. Eusden, Mr. Ince, and Mr. Hughes, have obliged the town with entertaining discourses in these volumes; and Mr. Berkeley, of Trinity College in Dublin, has embellished them with many excellent arguments in honour of religion and virtue. Mr. Parnell will I hope forgive me, that without his leave I mention, that I have seen his hand on the like occasion. There are some discourses of a less pleasing na ture which relate to the divisions amongst us, and such (lest any of these gentlemen should suffer from unjust suspicion,) I must impute to the right author of them, who is one Mr. Steele, of Langunnor, in the county of Carmarthen, in South Wales. THE GUARDIAN. No. 1.] Thursday, March 12, 1713. Mart. Epig ii. 1. some hope of having my vanity, at the end of them, indulged in the sort above-mentioned. -Ille quem requiris. He, whom you seek. THERE is no passion so universal, however diversified or disguised under different forms and appearances, as the vanity of being known to the rest of mankind, and communicating a man's parts, virtues, or qualifications, to the world: this is so strong upon men of great genius, that they have a restless fondness for satisfying the world in the mistakes they might possibly be under, with relation even to their physiognomy. Mr. Airs, that excellent penman, has taken care to affix his own image opposite to the title-page of his learned treatise, wherein he instructs the youth of this nation to arrive at a flourishing hand. The author of The Key to Interest, both simple and compound, containing practical rules plainly expressed in words at length for all rates of interest, and times of payment, for what time soever, makes up to us the misfortune of his living at Chester, by following the example of the above-mentioned Airs, and coming up to town, over against his title-page, in a very becoming periwig, and a flowing robe or mantle, inclosed in a circle of foliages; below his portraiture, for our farther satisfaction as to the age of that useful writer, is subscribed, Johannes Ward de civitat. Cestriæ, ætat. suæ 58. An. Dom. 1706. The serene aspect of these writers, joined with the great encouragement I observe is given to another, or what is indeed to be suspected, in which he indulges himself, confirmed me in the notion I have of the prevalence of ambition this way. The author whom I hint at shall be nameless, but his countenance is communicated to the public in several views In order to contribute as far as I am able to and aspects drawn by the most eminent paint- it, I shall publish in respective papers whatever ers, and forwarded by engravers, artists by way I think may conduce to the advancement of of mezzotinto, etchers, and the like. There the conversation of gentlemen, the improvewas, I remember, some years ago, one John ment of ladies, the wealth of traders, and the Gale, a fellow that played upon a pipe, and encouragement of artificers. The circumstance diverted the multitude by dancing in a ring relating to those who excel in mechanics, shall they made about him, whose face became gene-be considered with particular application. It rally known, and the artists employed their skill in delineating his features, because every man was a judge of the similitude of them. There is little else, than what this John Gale arrived at, in the advantages men enjoy from common fame; yet do I fear it has always a part in moving us to exert ourselves in such things as ought to derive their beginnings from nobler considerations. But I think it is no great matter to the public what is the incentive which makes men bestow time in their service, provided there be any thing useful in what they produce; I shall proceed therefore to give an account of my intended labours, not without I should not have assumed the title of Guardian, had I not maturely considered, that the qualities necessary for doing the duties of that character, proceed from the integrity of the mind more than the excellence of the understanding. The former of these qualifications it is in the power of every man to arrive at; and the more he endeavours that way, the less will he want the advantages of the latter; to be faithful, to be honest, to be just, is what you will demand in the choice of your Guardian; or if you find added to this, that he is pleasant, ingenious, and agreeable, there will overflow satisfactions which make for the ornament, if not so immediately to the use of your life. As to the diverting part of this paper, by what assistance I shall be capacitated for that, as well as what proofs I have given of my behaviour as to integrity in former life, will appear from my history to be delivered in ensuing discourses. The main purpose of the work shall be, to protect the modest, the industrious; to celebrate the wise, the valiant; to encourage the good, the pious; to confront the impudent, the idle; to contemn the vain, the cowardly; and to disappoint the wicked and profane. This work cannot be carried on but by preserving a strict regard, not only to the duties but civilities of life, with the utmost impartiality towards things and persons. The unjust application of the advantages of breeding and fortune, is the source of all calamity, both public and private; the correction, therefore, or rather admonition, of a Guardian in all the occurrences of a various being, if given with a benevolent spirit, would certainly be of general service. is not to be immediately conceived by such as have not turned themselves to reflections of that kind, that Providence, to enforce and endear the necessity of social life, has given one man's hands to another man's head, and the carpenter, the smith, the joiner, are as immediately necessary to the mathematician, as my amanuensis will be to me, to write much fairer than I can myself. I am so well convinced of this truth, that I shall have a particular regard to mechanics; and to show my honour for them, I shall place at their head the painter. This gentleman is, as to the execution of his work, a mechanic; but as to his conception, his spirit, and design, he is hardly below even the poet, in | liberal art. It will be from these considerations useful to make the world see the affinity between all works which are beneficial to mankind is much nearer, than the illiberal arrogance of scholars will at all times allow. But I am from experience convinced of the importance of mechanic heads, and shall therefore take them all into my care, from Rowley, who is improving the globes of the earth and heaven in Fleet-street, to Bat. Pigeon, the hair cutter in the Strand. THE readiest way to proceed in my great undertaking, is to explain who I am myself, that promise to give the town a daily half. sheet: I shall therefore enter into my own history, without losing any time in preamble, I was born in the year 1642, at a lone house within half a mile of the town of Brentford, in the county of Middlesex; my parents were of ability to bestow upon me a liberal education, and of a humour to think that a great happiness But it will be objected upon what pretensions even in a fortune which was but just enough to I take upon me to put in for the prochain ami, keep me above want. In my sixteenth year I or nearest friend of all the world. How my was admitted a commoner of Magdalene-hall, head is accomplished for this employment to- in Oxford. It was one great advantage, among wards the public, from the long exercise of it many more, which men, educated at our uniin a private capacity, will appear by readingversities, do usually enjoy above others, that me the two or three next days with diligence they often contract friendships there, which are and attention. There is no other paper in being of service to them in all the parts of their future which tends to this purpose. They are most of them histories, or advices of public transac. tions; but as those representations affect the passions of my readers, I shall sometimes take care, the day after a foreign mail, to give them an account of what it has brought. The parties amongst us are too violent to make it possible to pass them by without observation. As to these matters, I shall be impartial, though I cannot be neuter: I am, with relation to the government of the church, a tory, with regard to the state, a whig. The charge of intelligence, the pain in compiling and digesting my thoughts in proper style, and the like, oblige me to value my paper a half-penny above all other half sheets. And all persons who have any thing to communicate to me, are desired to direct their letters (postage paid,) to Nestor Ironside, Esq. at Mr. Tonson's in the Strand. I declare beforehand, that I will at no time be conversed with any other way than by letter: for as I am an ancient man, I shall find enough to do to give orders proper for their service, to whom I am, by will of their parents, Guardian, though I take that to be too narrow a scene for me to pass my whole life in. But I have got my wards so well off my hands, and they are so able to act for themselves, that I have little to do but give a hint, and all that I desire to be amended is altered accordingly. My design upon the whole is no less than to make the pulpit, the bar, and the stage, all act in concert in the care of piety, justice, and virtue; for I am past all the regards of this life, and have nothing to manage with any person or party, but to deliver myself as becomes an old man with one foot in the grave, and one who thinks he is passing to eternity. All sorrows which can arrive at me are comprehended in the sense of guilt and pain; if I can keep clear of these two evils, I shall not be appre hensive of any other. Ambition, lust, envy, and revenge, are excrescences of the mind, which I have cut off long ago: but as they are excrescences which do not only deform, but also torment those on whom they grow, I shall do all I can to persuade all others to take the same measures for their cure which I have. *Two pence was the original price of this paper. life. This good fortune happened to me; for during the time of my being an under-graduate, I became intimately acquainted with Mr. Ambrose Lizard, who was a fellow-commoner of the neighbouring college. I have the honour to be well known to Mr. Josiah Pullen, of our hall above-mentioned; and attribute the florid old age I now enjoy to my constant morning walks up Hedington-hill, in his cheerful com pany. If the gentleman be still living, I hereby give him my humble service. But as I was going to say, I contracted in my early youth, an intimate friendship with young Mr. Lizard, of before he was of bachelor's standing, to be mar. Northamptonshire. He was sent for a little ried to Mrs. Jane Lizard, an heiress, whose father would have it so for the sake of the name. Mr. Ambrose knew nothing of it till he came to Lizard-hall, on Saturday night, saw the young lady at dinner the next day, and was married, by order of his father, sir Ambrose, between eleven and twelve the Tuesday following. Some years after, when my friend came to be sir Ambrose himself, and finding upon proof of her, that he had lighted upon a good wie, he gave the curate who joined their hands the parsonage of Welt, not far off Wellingbo rough. My friend was married in the year sixty-two, and every year following, for eighteen years together, I left the college (except that year wherein I was chosen fellow of Lincoln,) and sojourned at sir Ambrose's for the months of June, July, and August. I remember very well that it was on the fourth of July, in the year 1674, that I was reading in an arbour to my friend, and stopt of a sudden, observing he did not attend. Lay by your book,' said he, My and let us take a turn in the grass-walk, for I have something to say to you. After a silence for about forty yards, walking both of us with to speak a matter of great importance, sir Amour eyes downward, one big to hear, the other brose expressed himself to this effect: good friend,' said he, you may have observed that from the first moment I was in your company at Mr. Willis's chambers, at University College, I ever after sought and courted you, that inclination towards you has improved from similitude of manners, if I may so say when I tell you I have not observed in any man |