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And this is fully borne out by the less questionable evidence supplied by the names of places and of persons among the Treveri, which equally with other Belgian names betoken their Celtic origin.

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The country of the Treveri indeed has long been occupied by but subsequently a German-speaking population, but history is not silent as to the replaced change. About the close of the third century a colony of Franks German settled in the waste lands of the Nervii and Treveri'. This was settlers. somewhat more than half a century before Jerome visited the place. The old Celtic language cannot have died out in so short a time. Gradually it was displaced by the German of the Frankish immigrants, reinforced by fresh hordes of their fellow-countrymen; but in the cities especially, where the remnants of the old population were gathered together, it would still continue to be the vulgar tongue; and Jerome's acquaintance with the inhabitants would naturally be confined for the most part to the towns".

Belge are Celtic. Thus we find proper names having well-known Celtic terminations, and occasionally even identical with the names of Gallic places and heroes: see Zeuss Die Deutschen etc. p. 189. This is true even of the Treveri, e.g. Cingetorix (Bell. Gall. v. 3) compared with Vercingetorix (ib. vii. 4); see Brandes, p. 84. (2) Cæsar relates that the maritime parts of Britain were peopled by the Belge (v. 12, comp. ii. 4), and the British on the sea-coasts were certainly Celts. These facts seem decisive. On the other hand (3) Cæsar speaks of a difference of language between the three divisions of Gaul, the Belge, the Aquitani, and the Celta ('hi omnes lingua institutis legibus inter se differunt,' i. 1), but this is most naturally explained of various dialects of the same language, as in fact Strabo represents it (who however excepts the Aquitani), ὁμογλώττους δ ̓ οὐ πάντας, ἀλλ ̓ ἐνίους μικρὸν παραλλάττοντας ταῖς yλúrrals, iv. p. 176. (4) Cæsar relates 'plerosque Belgas esse ortos ab Germanis' (ii. 4, comp. Tac. Germ. 2); but this very expression implies that the staple of the population was Celtic, and it becomes simply a question to

what extent they were leavened by
the infusion of a German element.
The statement of this question by
Brandes, p. 80 sq, seems very fair and
reasonable.

Of the two great branches of the
Celtic family philologers for the most
part assign the ancient Belge to the
Cymric (see Diefenbach II. p. 58 sq,
Thierry 1. p. 153, 4me ed., Brandes
p. 85 sq), and as the tradition seems
to connect the Galatians with the
Belgæ, we may, in the absence of any
direct evidence, look for their modern
affinities rather in the Welsh than in
the Irish or the Gael. A careful ex-
amination of local words and names
in Galatia might even now clear up
some difficulties.

1 Eumen. Paneg. Constantio Cæs. c. 21, Tuo, Maximiane Auguste, nutu Nerviorum et Treverorum arva jacentia laetus postliminio restitutus et receptus in leges Francus excoluit,' Paneg. Vet. p. 207 Gruter; comp. ib. Paneg. Constantino Aug. cc. 5, 6, Gruter p. 181. See Brandes pp. 243, 267, Gibbon's Decline and Fall c. xiii; comp. ib. c. xix. 2 Perrot (De la Disparition de la Langue Gauloise en Galatie, p. 180 sq in the Revue Celtique, no. 2, Août

Evidence afforded by the Galatian language.

(1) Termi

nations of proper names of places

and per

cons.

But the evidence for the Celtic parentage of the Galatians is not confined to the testimony of ancient writers, however well informed. The Galatian language itself is a witness free from all suspicion of ignorance or perjury. And considering that a mere handful of words, chiefly proper names, has alone survived, the evidence thence derived is far fuller than might have been anticipated'.

(1) Several Galatian names of places and persons exhibit Celtic terminations. These are as follows:

Of places:

-BRIGA. Eccobriga (Itin. Ant. p. 203, ed. Wess., Tab. Peut.); Ipetobrigen (Itin. Hieros. p. 574). It signifies 'a hill'; see Zeuss Gr. Celt. p. IOI, Glück p. 126.

-IACUM. Rosologiacum (Itin. Ant. p. 143); Acitorihiacum (Tab. Peut.); Teutobodiaci (Plin. v. 42); Timoniacenses ( Plin. v. 42). On this very common Celtic termination see Zeuss G. C. p. 772.

Of persons:

-GNATUS. Eposognatus (Polyb. xxii. 20): compare Critognatus, Boduognatus (Cæsar), and several Celtic names in inscriptions; (gnath, 'consuetus'; Zeuss G. C. p. 82, and compare ib. p. 19).

-MARUS. Combolomarus (Liv. xxxviii. 19); Chiomara (Polyb. xxii. 21); compare Virdumarus, Indutiomarus (Cæsar), and other names in Gallic inscriptions; (mar, 'magnus'; see Zeuss G. C. p. 19, Glück p. 77).

-ORIUS.

Acichorius (Paus. x. 19. 4): Orestorius (Paus. x. 22. 2); Comontorius (Polyb. iv. 46. 3); see Zeuss G. C. P. 741.

-RIX. Adiatorix' (Cic. Fam. ii. 12, Strabo xii. p. 534); Albiorix,

1870) seeks to invalidate Jerome's tes-
timony altogether, but his arguments
do not seem to me to be substantial.
He believes that the Celtic language had
died out in Galatia itself some centu-
ries before; and he therefore supposes
that this father thoughtlessly copies a
statement of some earlier writer, and
applies it to his own time, regardless
of the anachronism. Jerome's asser-
tion however has every appearance of
being founded on personal knowledge.

1 The account which follows perhaps

needs some apology from one who has no pretensions to Celtic scholarship and may possibly betray great ignorance. But the investigation could not well be avoided, while the facts seemed to lie very much on the surface. At all events the general results will not, I think, be invalidated by any inaccuracy or weakness that there may be in the details.

The first element in this word also occurs in several Celtic names, Adiatunnus, Adiatumarus, etc., Glück p. 1.

Ateporix (Boeckh Inscr. 4039); a very common Celtic termination, e.g. Dumnorix, Ambiorix, Vercingetorix, etc.; ('rex,' 'princeps,' Zeuss G. C. p. 25, where instances are given).

TARUS, TORUS; Bogodiatorus (Strabo xii. p. 567); Brogitarus (Cic. Harusp. Resp. 28); Deiotarus (Cic. pro Reg. Deiot., comp. Boeckh Inscr. 4072). See Zeuss G. C. p. 823.

tian

(2) But it is not only in the terminations that the Celtic origin (2) Galaof the language is seen. It appears unmistakeably also in a large names and proportion of the Galatian names and words which have been preserved.

words.

tum.

Strabo tells us (xii. p. 567) that the great council of the Galatian Drynamepeople met at a place called DRYNÆMETUM (Apvvaíμerov). Now nemetum ('nemed') is a good Celtic word for a temple: we meet with it for instance in Augustonemetum, 'the temple of Augustus,' at Clermont in the Auvergne; in Vernemetum, 'the great temple,' in the province of Bordeaux, of which it is said

Nomine Vernemetis voluit vocitare vetustas,

Quod quasi fanum ingens Gallica lingua refert';

in another Vernemetum also in Britain (Itin. Ant. p. 479); and in several other names: comp. Diefenb. Celt. 1. p. 83, 11. p. 329, Zeuss G. C. pp. 11, 186, Glück p. 75. The first syllable of Drynæmetum again represents the Celtic (Welsh) derw, 'quercus,' whence Druid ('derwydd'), Derwent, etc.: see Zeuss G. C. pp. 8, 16, and Diefenb. I. p. 160. Thus 'Drynæmetum' is the 'oak-shrine' or the 'grove temple,' recalling a characteristic feature of the old Celtic worship which prevailed in Britain and Gaul.

Again the names of several of the Galatian chieftains betray Galatian chieftains, their Celtic extraction. The leader of the expedition against Greece, of which the Galatian immigration was an offshoot, bears the same name with the Gaulish captain who sacked Rome; he too, like his predecessor, is a BRENNUS-no proper name but a good Celtic word signifying a 'prince' or 'chieftain' (Thierry Hist. des Gaul. 1. p. 160, Zeuss G. C. p. 101). A second name assigned to this same king was

1 Venant. Fortun. i. 9.

and others.

Galatian tribes.

PRAUSUS, the terrible' (Strab. iv. p. 187; see Thierry I. p. 218, and especially Diefenb. II. p. 252). Again, another commander in this expedition is called CERETHRIUS, 'the famous, the glorious' (Pausan. x. 19. 4; certh, 'celebrated,' certhrwyz, 'glory'; Thierry 1. p. 219, from Owen's Welsh Dict.). BOLGIUS again (Pausan. ib.), also written Belgius (Justin. xxiv. 5), presents the same Celtic root which appears in Belga' (comp. Diefenb. I. p. 200, II. pp. 61 sq, 267). The name of ACICHORIUS too (Pausan. 1. c.) or Cichorius (Diod. xxii. fragm.), who is associated with Brennus in the command, taken as a Celtic word, describes his office (cyçwiawr, 'colleague,' Thierry I. p. 225).

Among later Galatian names of persons we meet with GEZATODIASTUS (Boeckh Inscr. 4039), doubtless to be connected with the 'Gesata' of whom we read among the western Gauls, and whose name, signifying 'warriors,' is derived from the Gallic word gesum, 'a spear' (Cæs. B. G. iii. 4; comp. Serv. in Virg. Æn. viii. 662, Diefenb. I. p. 126); and BROGORIS (Boeckh Inscr. 4118), the root of which appears in Brogitarus, Allobroges, etc.; Zeuss G. C. p. 106; Glück p. 27. Again the name BITUITUS, Bitovitus, or Bitatus, seems to occur both in Asiatic (Appian Mithr. 111) and in European Gaul (ib. Celt. 12, Liv. Epit. lxi); for the reasons given (Wernsdorff p. 164) for assigning the first of these, who slew Mithridates, to the western nation seem insufficient. Nor is this the only proper name which links the two countries together. Strabo (xiii. p. 625) mentions one ADOBOGION, a Galatian; the name Adbogius appears on an inscription relating to Rhenish Gaul (Steiner Cod. Inscr. Rom. Rhen. no. 440).

Again, of the three tribes which composed the Galatian people two at least proclaim their Celtic descent in their names. The TECTOSAGE or Tectosages bear identically the same name with a tribe of western Gauls (Cæs. B. G. vi. 24) whom we find moving eastward and occupying a district which was properly German (see Diefenb. II. p. 264 sq). Similarly both the component parts of TOLISTOBOGII, the name of the second of these tribes, claim a Celtic affinity. The word is variously written, but its original Celtic form would seem to

be represented by Tolosatobogii. Tolosa was a common Gallic name for places (Diefenb. II. p. 339), and has survived both in the French Toulouse and in the Spanish Tolosa. It is connected moreover with the name and history of the other Galatian tribe already discussed. 'Tolosa Tectosagum 'is especially mentioned (Mela ii. 5; comp. Plin. iii. 5); and according to the ancient legend a portion of the Tectosages returning from the Delphic expedition 'to their ancient country Tolosa,' and being afflicted by a pestilence, bethought them of averting the wrath of heaven by sinking their ill-gotten gains in the neighbouring lake (Justin. xxxii. 3; comp. Strab. iv. p. 188, Dion. Cass. Exc. I. p. 133, ed. L. Dind.). The riddle of this legend I shall not attempt to read; I simply quote it to show the connexion of the Gallic Tolosa with the Asiatic settlement. Indeed this name occurs in Galatia itself under the form Tolosocorium (Tab. Peut.), and Τόλαστα χωρίον (Ptol. v. 4). The second element in the composition of Tolostobogii or Tolostoboii is no less Celtic. It is the name borne by the tribe of the Boii which plays so prominent a part in early Gallic history, and is not uncommon as a termination of other Celtic names (see instances in Zeuss G. C. p. 69, comp. p. 58, and compare the proper name Adobogius already referred to). Even in the third and remaining tribe the TROCMI Celtic affinities have been pointed out (Diefenb. I. p. 256, Zeuss G. C. p. 28), but these are obscure and far from convincing'.

Galatian

Of Galatian words besides proper names very few indeed have Other been recorded. The explanations given of these may be found in words. Diefenbach (see his references II. p. 251). Among others which are less patent, one is certainly a good Celtic word μáρкa, mentioned

1 Diefenbach, Celt. II. p. 248, quotes Solinus (c. 42) as mentioning a Galatian tribe 'Ambiani,' this being the ancient Gaulish name for the modern 'Amiens.' But there seems to be an accidental error here. In the most recent and most critical edition of Solinus (c. 41, ed. Mommsen, 1864) the word is 'Ambitoti'; and in the corresponding passage of Pliny (v. 42), from which Solinus borrowed, Sillig reads 'Ambitouti.' Though the Mss in both authors pre

sent some variations, there seems to be
no authority for Ambiani.

I notice also that the names of seve-
ral Galatian places begin with Reg-, as
Reganagalla, Regemnezus, Regemau-
recium, Regetmocata, Regomori; see
Wernsdorff pp. 232, 3. This may be
the same word which appears in many
Gallic names, as Rigodulum, Rigoma-
gus, etc.; see Diefenbach 1. p. 53, II.
p. 331, Zeuss G. C. p. 25.

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