Word.

Singular.

Island.

God.

Messenger.

Fig.

Nom.

Gen.

λόγου

νήσου

Θεου

αγγελου

συκου

Ν.Α.Τ. λόγω

νήσω

νησοιν

συκα

G.D. λογοιν The vocative of the words in os commonly ends in often, especially in adjectives and participles, in e; as ω φίλε, also ω φιλος; but θεος, like the Latin Deus, makes no change in the vocative.

As in Latin nouns in um, the Greek neuters in ov have the same ending namely, or in the nominative, the accusative, and the vocative; and this, too, in the plural as well as in the singular-namely, in a.

The models just given are followed by adjectives in os (m.), ον (n.), as αγαθος (αγαθη [f.], like the first declension), αγαθον; as appears in the following

MODELS OF ADJECTIVES AND NOUNS OF THE SECOND
DECLENSION.

Ν. Α.V. G.D. The foregoing relates to adjectives of three terminations. Adjectives of two terminations are also declined in the same manner-namely, such as end in os, m. and f., and ov, n., as παγκαλος, παγκαλον, entirely beautiful: for example, ὁ παγκαλος λόγος, the entirely beautiful speech; το παγκαλον τεκνον, the entirely beautiful child.

N.B.-It must be well remembered that adjectives of two terminations are generally Compounds or Derivatives.

For the sake of practice, I here subjoin an example of an adjective of three terminations, and one of two terminations, ad. vising you to learn them horizontally as well as perpendicularly. ADJECTIVES OF THREE AND TWO TERMINATIONS, LIKE THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSIONS.

to be in the singular number.

Αγαθος, -η, -ον, good.
Αδελφος, -ου, ὁ, α
brother.
Αλλ' (αλλα), but.
Ανθρωπος, -ου, δ, a

man.

Διδασκαλος, -ου, δ, τ

teacher.

Δουλος, ου, δ, a slave. Εργον, -ου, το, a work. Εσθλος, -η, -ον, excellent. Εχθρος, -α,-ov,hostile, hateful, δ εχθρος, the enemy.

EXERCISE 11.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

1. Διωκε καλα έργα, ω φιλε νεανια. 2. Πειθου τοις του διδασκαλου λογοις. 3. Παρ' εσθλων εσθλα μανθάνεις. 4. Πιστος ἑταιρος των αγαθών και των κακών μετεχει. 5. Οι Θεοι των ανθρώπων φροντιζουσιν. 6. Οι ανθρωποι τους Θεους θεραπεύουσιν. 7. Πολλοις εργοις έπεται κινδυνος. 8. Μισγεται εσθλα κακοις. 9. Ὁ κακος τοις θεοις και τοις ανθρωποις εχθρος εστιν. 10. Οι αντ θρωποι τοις εσθλοις χαιρουσιν. 11. Παρεχε, ω Θεός, τοις φίλοις 12. Φερε, ω δουλε, τον οινον τῷ νεανια. 13. Ο οίνος ου ευτυχίαν. λύει αλλα τίκτει τας μερίμνας. 14. Χαλεπῳ εργῳ δοξα έπεται. EXERCISE 12.-ENGLISH-GREEK.

1. Good men obey God. 2. Bad men obey not God. 3. Ο good youths, obey your (the) teacher. 4. Bad men are hostile to the good (the bad-the good). 5. Abstain from bad men. 6. Good men take care of their (the) children. 7. Trust not the word of a liar, Ο dear boy. 8. Danger follows many words. 9. Good youths honour their (the) teachers.

Remarks.-The Greeks are fond of such an arrangement of words as is found in the phrase τοις του διδασκαλου λόγοις, given above. Literally, and in the Greek order, the words run -the of the teacher words; that is, the words of the teacher. Imitate this construction. In general, the Greek order of words approaches more nearly to the English than does the Latin. The sense, however, logically considered, prevails over other considerations in the Greek collocation of words. The chief place of emphasis is the commencement of a sentence, the next is the end. Not by any mere rule can the beginner acquire the tact of placing the Greek words in their idiomatic order. Of course he will study to do his best, and from attention to the sentences given in the exercises, and making them, as far as possible, models, he may learn much and make an approach to correctness; but, after all, nothing but a long and careful study of the writings of the classics themselves can give him complete skill. The student, however, is especially requested to note what is called the emphatic collocation of the adjective with its nounwhere the adjective and noun have each an article, in the following order : article, noun, article, adjective, as in το φως το αληθινον, the light, the true light (John i. 9). With this we may compare in English (especially in poetry) the repetition of a noun with the adjective for the sake of emphasis, as in Shakespeare "Farewell, a long farewell;" "A frost, a killing frost." VOCABULARY. Διχοστασία, -ας, ἡ, division. Ευφραίνω, I make joyful. Θάνατος, -ου, δ, death.

Αξιος, -α, -ον (gen.), worthy. Απολυω (gen. of the thing), Ι free from. Αργυρος, -ου, ὁ, silver. Βιος, -ου, δ, life. Βουλη, ης, ή, a counsel.

Νεος, -α, -ον, young; δ

Veos, a young man. Νοσος, -ου, ή, sick

ness.

ται.

Ουχ (ουχ comes be. fore an aspirated vowel, instead of UK and ov), not. EXERCISE 13.-GREEK-ENGLISH. δ

και της αρετης ορέγεσθε.

EXERCISE 14.-ENGLISH-GREEK.

9.

1. By death (dat.) men are set free from labours. 2. Many labours follow life. 3. The wisdom of the Divinity leads good men to happiness. 4. Follow the words of the judge. 5. The words of the youth are bad. 6. The lyre dissipates (vw) the cares of the mind. 7. Silence becomes a boy. 8. Art nourishes good men. 9. The bolt shuts the door.

KEY TO EXERCISES IN LESSONS IN GREEK.-V.
EXERCISE 5.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

1. Dishonour follows vice. 2. Bear poverty easily. 3. Thunder arises from shining lightning. 4. Virtue has excellent repute. 5. Regard to law sets right wrong judgments. 6. Justice begets justice, and injury injury. 7. Pursue a good manner of living. 8. Restrain your tongue. 9. Fortune often has (brings) changes. 10. Bear ye poverty. 11. Splendid fortunes easily fall. 12. Bear thou fortunes (changes of fortune). 13. Virtue yields not to misfortunes (fortunes). 14. Abstain from hard (severe) cares. 15. The queen has a splendid kingdom.* 16. The robe is beautiful. 17. We have beautiful robes.

EXERCISE 6.-ENGLISH-GREEK.

1. Φεύγετε τας μεριμνας. 2. Η κακία τίκτει ατιμίαν. 3. Η αρετη δόξη έπεται. 4. Ραδίως φέρουσι την πενίαν. 5. Η πενια φερεται ραδίως. 6. Φέρετε την πενιαν ραδίως. 7. Έχεις μεταβολας. 8. Απέχου της κακίας. Kaλny σrony exoval. 10. Mn EIKE Tη TUX. 11. 'Padios eckouti ty tuxy. 12.

Κατέχετε την γλωτταν. 13. Σκολιας δικαι ευθύνονται,

EXERCISE 7.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

9.

1. Learn wisdom, O young man. 2. Politeness becomes a citizen. 3. We blame the talkativeness of a youth. 4. Avoid injustice, O citizen. 5. We admire the art of the bird-catcher. 6. It is proper for auditors and spectators to keep silent. 7. O sailors, avoid the north wind. 8. The north wind (compare our Boreas) often injures sailors. 9. O citizens, strive after virtue. 10. The Sybarites were voluptuaries. 11. Sailors have to do with the sea. 12. Flee, O Persian. 13. The Spartans have an honourable reputation. 14. I avoid a youth (who is) a voluptuary (or a voluptuous youth, or a youth given to pleasure). 15. Abstain from chatterers. 16. Hear, O master (sovereign lord). EXERCISE 8.-ENGLISH-GREEK.

1. Φεύγετε, ω Πέρσαι. 2. Πολιταις πρέπει ή αρετή. 3. Την ήσυχίαν άγειν προσήκει πολιτῃ. 4. Μανθάνετε, ω νεανίαι, την σοφίαν. 5. Την σοφίαν μαν θανουσι. 6. Την σοφίαν μανθάνετε. 7. Την σοφίαν μανθάνω, 8. Η σοφία μανθάνεται. 9. Νεανία πρέπει ή ευκοσμία. 10. Mn BλаTтe, w Soppa, Tous ναυτας. 11. Φεύγε, ω ναυτα, τον βορραν. 12. Ο βορρας φεύγεται. 13. Ορεγου, * Σπαρτιατα, της δόξης. 14. Ήσυχιαν αγετε, ω αδολεσχαι. 15. Adoλeoxou

апехете.

man.

EXERCISE 9.-GREEK-ENGLISH.

1. The bravery of the Spartans was admirable. 2. Flee, O young 3. Do you flee, O lovers. 4. Thieves are avoided. 5. Justice becomes judges. 6. It is the duty of soldiers to fight for the citi7. Avoid liars. 8. It is the part of a master to take care of his domestics. 9. Do not trust a liar. 10. Art supports the artist. 11. From liars thieves are produced. 12. The Spartans were lovers of glory and honour. 13. Shipwreck often arises from the north wind.

zens.

14. We admire the skill of Hermes (Mercury).

EXERCISE 10.-ENGLISH-GREEK.

1. Οι της δόξης ερασται ου φεύγονται. 2. Οι ψεύσται της αληθείας ουκ εισιν

ερασται, 3. Ή του Σπαρτιήτων εν τη θαυμαστη ην. 4. My пLOTеVETE, WITарexen ny barn. 6. Tny Tv Enap@ Enаρtiatа. 8. EaTi deσTOTOV,

τίαται, τους ψεύσταις τια των αρετην θα

LESSONS IN GEOGRAPHY.-XIX, CONSTRUCTION OF THE MAP OF THE WORLD. Το construct a Map of the World, consisting of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, as in page 144, on the common projection, which is done without any regard to the principles of perspective, or the distance of a point of view, is the simplest thing in the world to him who knows how to make a circle pass straight line. The method of doing this has been clearly shown in Problem XXXVI. in Lessons in Geometry, XV., page 49 of this volume.

Now, to make the necessary projection for drawing the Map of the World, as shown in our last lesson, first draw two circles of any convenient, but of the same size, and draw in each two diameters, 0, 0, and North Pole and South Pole, at right angles to each other (Lessons in Geometry, Problem I., Vol. I., page 156); then divide each quadrant of these two circles and each radius or half of the two diameters into nine equal parts. Mark the divisions of the quadrants between 0 and North Pole, and between O and South Pole, with the numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80; then it will be understood that at the point 0, the mark is 0 degrees, while at the North or South Pole the mark is 90 degrees.

Next, mark the diameters of the two circles which are drawn across the page from 0 to 0 with the word Equator; the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere with 70; and the centre of the Western Hemisphere with 110; then, in the Eastern Hemisphere mark to the left of 70 the numbers 60, 50, 40, 80, 20, 10, 0, 10, and 20; and to the right of 70, the numbers 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150, and 160. These are to denote the degrees of longitude, the first meridian being that marked o, and the others at 10 degrees distance from each other; the meridians to the right of that marked 0 being in east longitude, and those to the left being in west longitude.

Having done this, in the left-hand circle or Western Hemisphere mark to the right of 110, the numbers 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, and 20; and to the left, the numbers 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 170, and 160; but here it is necessary to remark, that in this hemisphere, all the numbers are degrees in west longitude, except the last-mentioned two, 170 and 160, which are in east longitude, because these are the continuation of the degrees in the Eastern Hemisphere, to the right, which stopped at that point, namely, 160. The degrees of longitude, whether east or west, must be limited by 180, because this number extends over onehalf of the globe either way, and the meridian marked 180 is the continuation of the meridian of Greenwich, that is, the circle which passes through 0°, 180°, and the two poles, in the meridian of Greenwich; there are some, however, who call the semicircle which extends from pole to pole, through any given place, the meridian of that place; and the opposite semicircle, the anti-meridian; but it is better to consider the meridian as a complete circle. Lastly, mark the semi-diameters or radii of each circle or hemisphere which are at right angles to the diameters marked equator, with the numbers 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80, placed consecutively from the centre of each to the poles north and south.

Now draw ares, or portions of circles, through the two points marked 80, on the north quadrants, and the point marked 80 on the north radii of both circles, and this will give the projection of the parallel of north latitude of 80° in the Northern Hemisphere; do the same in the south quadrants and south radii of both circles, and this will give the projection of the parallel of south latitude of 80 in the Southern Hemisphere. Next, draw arcs, or portions of circles, through the two points marked 70 on the north quadrants, and the point marked 70 on the north radii of both circles, and this will give the projection of the parallel of north latitude of 70° in the Northern Hemisphere; do the same in the south quadrants and south radii of both circles, and this will give the projection of the parallel of 709 in the Southern Hemisphere. Proceed in the same manner until you have projected on the map all the parallels of latitude in both hemispheres, from 80 to 10 inclusive.

To draw the meridians in the Eastern Hemisphere, describe ares of circles through the north and south poles as two points, and through each of the degrees marked 0, 10, 20, 30, etc., of longitude, whether east or west, as the third or middle point, and this will give the meridian of each point so marked, at every ten degrees from 0° to 180°, east or west; these meridians will serve as a guide to the determination of other meridians, and enable the geographer to approximate to the true position of those places which he may wish to lay down on the map, of which he has thus drawn the skeleton.

By the combined help of the parallels of latitude and the meridians, the draughtsman may now set to work to fill up this skeleton map from a table of latitudes and longitudes, with the names of all the most important places in the world; he may also draw a pretty correct outline of the coast of each continent by laying down the latitudes and longitudes of as many coasting points as possible from such a table, and drawing a curve through them, as like other maps of the world as he can; the accuracy of the map increasing with the number of points laid down according to their latitudes and longitudes. In Norie's Navigation, Table 56, are given the latitudes and longitudes of the principal ports, harbours, capes, shoals, rocks, etc, in the world, founded on thousands of observations made by the most eminent astronomers and navigators; and this table will enable a true student of geography to lay down the outline of the coasts of almost all the continents, islands, and peninsulas in the Map of the World, to any scale or size which he chooses to adopt. He may then fill up the interior of these with the positions of the most important places of the world, from the tables of latitudes and longitudes usually attached to the ordinary atlases used in colleges and schools.

We earnestly recommend all those who are studying our "Lessons in Geography" to endeavour to acquire a perfect knowledge of the geographical positions of places, that is, their latitudes and longitudes; for if they fail in this point, their knowledge of the world, with regard to the position of its continents, islands, peninsulas, capes, and promontories, as well as with regard to the position of its oceans, seas, gulfs, bays, and lakes, will always be obscure, indefinite, and incorrect; neither will they be able to form any proper notion of the relative distances of important places from one another, or from a central point, such as London or Paris. The doctrine of the globe is as plain to the well-instructed mariner or geographer, as the knowledge of London is to the inhabitant of fifty years' standing in that city. Were it not so, the safety of our commercial relations with our own colonies, as well as with foreign ports and countries in all parts of the world, would rest on a very insecure basis. But, thanks to the progress of mathematical and astronomical science, and thanks to the spirit of activity and mercantile enterprise, not to speak of the desire to explore unknown regions which has wonderfully manifested itself in the present century, the world is now better known than ever it was in any past age, not excepting even the palmy days of Solomon the Great, whose ships went to Ophir-that is, Africa-for gold, and in whose time silver was made as plentiful even as stones in Jerusalem.

Before concluding this lesson, it may be proper to remark that there are four small circles on the globe, placed among the parallels of latitude, which serve to divide the earth into five zones (from the Greek (wyn, zo'-ne, a belt) between the two poles. The two smaller circles, which are of the same size, are called the Polar Circles; the one, the Arctic, or North Polar Circle; and the other, the Antarctic, or South Polar Circle. The two larger circles, which are also of the same size, are called the Tropics; the one, the Tropic of Cancer; and the other, the Tropic of Capricorn. The polar circles are each 23° 28' distant from the poles, when that distance is measured on a meridian: and, consequently, the one, the Arctic Circle, is the parallel of latitude 66° 32′ N.; and the other, the Antarctic Circle, is the parallel of latitude at 66° 32′ S.; because the poles being 90° distant from the equator, we have 90°-23° 28' 66° 32'.

The Tropics are each 23° 28′ distant from the equator when that distance is measured on a meridian: and, consequently, the one, the Tropic of Cancer, is the parallel of latitude at 23° 28' N.; and the other, the Tropic of Capricorn, is the parallel of latitude at 23° 28' S.; each being at the distance of 66° 32' from the poles, because, as before, 90° - 66° 32′ - 23° 28'. The origin of these circles was explained in a former lesson (page 80),

and by referring to the diagram (Fig. 4) on that page you will see that they arise from the different positions of the earth in her orbit or path which she describes in a year in her motion round the sun. The constant inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit, or the parallelism of that axis to itself in all positions, occasions all the space around the poles to the extent of 23° 28' from each, to be alternately illuminated by the oblique rays of the sun for six months of the year, and alternately darkened by the absence of those rays for the same period. It also occasions all the space between the tropics and the equator, to the extent of 23° 28′ on each side of the equator, to receive the direct rays of the sun in succession, that is, to have the sun successively vertical to the inhabitants in every latitude, from 0° to 23° 28' N., and from 0° to 23° 28' S., for a period of six months alternately.

It is plain, therefore, that the spaces between the tropics and the polar circles can never have the rays of the sun vertical to them; but these rays will be more or less oblique to them in the course of a year-in the former case constituting winter with its preceding autumn; and in the latter summer, with its preceding spring.

The mathematical notion of the manner in which these circles are generated is the following:-Suppose the plane of the ecliptic (the real path of the earth in the heavens, and the apparent path of the sun in the heavens) to cut the globe, it must pass through the centre, o (see Fig. 4, p. 80), as the ecliptic is the path of the centre, and forms the circle whose radius is OR. This circle intersects the equator, E Q, at an angle, RO Q, of 23° 28', called the obliquity of the ecliptic, and its two opposite points remotest from the equator (called solstitial points),* generate, by the revolution of the earth on its axis, the two tropics seen on opposite sides of E Q, the equator, the one being PR, 23° 28' north of it, and the other at the same distance south of it. The extremities of the diameter of the globe at right angles to the circle of the ecliptic whose radius is o R, generate, by the same revolution, the two polar circles seen at equal distances, 23° 28', from N. and S., the north and south poles, and touching the dotted perpendicular which is the said diameter produced.

The space or belt between the two tropics (from the Greek Tроños, trop'-os, turning) is called the Torrid Zone. The word torrid, which means burning, is derived from the Latin torreo, to burn or roast, and the zone is so called because it is parched by the direct rays of the sun falling on every latitude in succession during the year; its breadth is twice 23° 28′, that is, 46° 56', measured on a meridian. The space between the Tropic of Cancer (so called, because when the sun appears to enter this constellation in the heavens, at midsummer, he seems to turn again and move towards the equator) and the Arctic Circle is called the North Temperate Zone, because the sun's rays fall neither so directly as to produce great heat, nor so obliquely as to produce great cold, although on the limits of the zone both will be felt in a very considerable degree; its breadth is 43° 4′, measured on a meridian. The space between the Tropic of Capricorn (so called, because, when the sun appears to enter this constellation in the heavens, at mid-winter, he seems to turn again and move towards the equator) and the Antarctic Circle is called the South Temperate Zone, for the same reasons as stated respecting the North Temperate Zone, and its breadth is the same, being 43° 4', measured on a meridian. The space between the Arctic (from the Greek aрктоs, ark'-tos, a bear, and thence taken to mean the north, because the constellation in the heavens called the Great Bear always points to the north) Circle and the North Pole is called the North Frigid Zone, because it is always frigid or cold in this space or portion of the globe, owing to the great obliquity of the sun's rays; its breadth is 23° 28', measured on a meridian. Lastly, the space between the Antarctic (from the Greek artı, an'-ti, over against, or opposite to, and арктоs) Circle and the South Pole is called the South Frigid Zone; and its breadth is the same, being 23° 28', measured on a

meridian.

The following table contains the breadth of each of the zones in degrees and British miles, their surfaces in square miles, the

The term solstitial means literally sun-standing (from Latin sol, the sun, and sto, I stand); it is applied to the apparent motion of the sun at those points, which seems to be so very slow that this luminary may be said to all appearance, for a few days, to be stationary.

150 0 12,428 196,662,896 The determination of the numbers in the second and third columns of the preceding table depends on the length of the, mean diameter of the earth, which, as we have seen before, is about 7,913 British miles. Hence, the circumference of the earth is about 24,856 miles, and the mean length of a degree on its surface about 69-045 miles. Consequently, we find that the extent of the surface of the globe, including both land and water, and taking no account of the elevations and depressions of either, is about 196,662,896 square miles; and that its capacity, or solid content, is about 259,332,305,054 cubic miles.

LESSONS IN ENGLISH.-XIX.
SUFFIXES (continued).

Mony, as in alimony, sanctimony, a Latin termination (as in parsimonia, sporingness; and matrimonium, the condition of a mother, matrimony, not in great use) which denotes a consequence, as in testimony, the result of the act of testis, a witness.

Ness, as found in littleness, nothingness, is a Saxon suffix, signifying the abstract quality. If we compare littleness with the French petitesse (Old English nesse), and take in other words, as tendresse, tenderness, we are led to conjecture that the n is only a connecting consonant, and that ess or esse in both French and English are the same. Consider also the Anglo-Saxon sarenes, soreness, that is, sorrow; gelicness, likeness; hearines, harness; micelness, muchness, that is, greatness; and you find the same form in the root of our language. If, however, the n is not an essential part of the word, then the ness or rather ess has no connection with ness in such words as Dungeness, Sheerness, and other proper names, names of places. In these the ness comes from the German nase, and the AngloSaxon nese, and signifies nose; that is, a headland or promontory. "About six of the clock at night the wind vered to the south-west; and we weighed anker, and bare cleere of the ness, and then set our course north-east and by north until midnight, being then clear of the Yarmouth sands."-Hakluyt.

Ock, as in hillock, a diminutive; so that hillock is a little hill. So bullock originally meant a young bull or calf; compare Isaiah xi. 6 with Jer. xxxi. 18, where calf and bullock are the renderings of the same Hebrew term. In the suffix ock the c sound is the essential element, the k being merely an affair of spelling, and the o (probably) a connecting vowel. Thus regarded, we find the origin of our diminutive c in the Latin diminutive c, as seen in recula (res, a thing), specula (spes, hope), nubecula (nubes, a cloud), vulpecula (vulpes, a fox), etc. Another form of bullock is bulchin, obviously bull's-kin, that is, bull's child, as in the Hebrew, "steer, the son of a bull," for a bullock or calf (Exod. xxix. 1; Lev. iv. 3).

"And better yet than this, a bulchin, two years old.

A curled pate calf it is, and oft could have been sold." Drayton, "Polyolbion." Oon, or on, an augmentive; as in balloon, or great ball. The termination oon, or on, comes to us from the Italian, but is originally from the Latin; as seen in naso, a man with a large nose; capito, a man with a large head. Like balloon is saloon in the French salon, a place of reception (French, saluer, to salute, greet; Latin, salvus, safe).

Or, a termination borrowed from the Latin or; as seen in auctor, in English, author. The correspondent Saxon ending is er, which has already been spoken of. Or denotes the agent. Or, in former times, was written our. Author properly signifies originator; the first who does anything.

"The

this

at which causeth anything to be, is author of that y is caused."-Hooker.

"From his loins New authors of dissension spring."-Philips. Ory, a Latin suffix, seen in promontorium, a promontory (pro, forcard, and mons, a mountain); and auditory, from auditorium (audire, to hear).

Ose, from the Latin osus, as morosus (ill-tempered), morose. The osus in Latin is sometimes uosus; as, monstruosus, monstrous. We have the ending in imperious, imperiosus; religious, religiosus; invidious, invidiosus; suspicious, suspiciosus. The osus is Englished also by our termination y; as, ventosus, windy; lapidosus, stony.

Ote, of Latin origin, found in verbs formed from the Latin participle in otus; as, to promote, from promotus (moved for. ward); to devote (Latin, devotus, consecrated-votum, a vowsomething sacred or set apart for the gods).

"Such on Isis' temple you may find,

On votive tablets to the life pourtrayed."-Dryden. Ric, as in bishopric, in Anglo-Saxon denotes power, dominion, ric, then, is the jurisdiction of a bishop. territory; ; as, to-becume thin rice, i.e., thy kingdom come. Bishop

but comes from the Anglo-Saxon scipe, denoting a state, an Ship, as in hardship, has no connection with ship, a vessel, office, a dignity; as, freond-scipe, friendship, the state of being a friend; in German, freundshaft; the shaft represents the older form of the word, which was sceaft. Here is seen the origin of worship; that is, weorth-ship, literally, worthiness.

"My train are men of choice and rarest parts,
That all particulars of duty know;

And in the most exact regard support

The worship of their names."-Shakespeare," King Lear.”

Hence "worship" is a title of honour. "Dinner is on table; my father desires your worship's company." Shakespeare, "Merry Wives of Windsor."

Derivatively, "worship" signifies adoration.

"Under the name of church, I understand a body or collection of human persons, professing faith in Christ, gathered together in several places of the world for the worship of the same God, and united into the same corporation."-Pearson.

Sum, from the Anglo-Saxon sum, an adjective of the same meaning as our adjective some, is employed in both Anglo-Saxon and in English as a suffix; as, winsum, winsome, that is, winning. We find the termination in our present lonesome, handsome, tiresome, etc. The spelling of some in the Anglo-Saxon-namely, sum-shows the origin of our pronunciation of the word. Sound etymology would throw great light on pronunciation.

Ster, str, a suffix of Anglo-Saxon origin, denoting the feminine gender, as spinster, a female spinner. We may exhibit the real meaning of nouns ending in ster, found in the Anglo-Saxon, thus—

In our present termination of these feminines-namely, stress, as seen in songstress-the ess or ss seems derived by attraction from the classical termination ess from ix. Originally, songstress was songestre, but by the prevalence of such forms as shepherdess, songestre was gradually drawn into songstress; and thus came to have a double suffix, both feminine; that is, str of the Saxon, and ess of the Latin. Not inappropriately may the English language be called a medley.

"Through the soft silence of the listening night,

The sober-suited songstress trills her lay."-Thomson. Th, of Anglo-Saxon origin, being a termination by which adjectives are transformed into nouns; as, treowth, truth, from treowe, German treu, English true; whence troth and betrothed. We find the ending in mirth (merry), dearth (dear), breadth (broad), depth (deep), etc.

Tude, a Latin termination, found in latitudo (latus, broad), latitude; longitudo (longus, long), longitude. So fortitude (fortis, brave), magnitude (magnus, great), etc.

Ty, from the Latin substantive termination tas; as, commoditas, commodity. Here we have an instance of the way in which derivatives often depart from the meaning of their primitives. Commoditas in Latin means proportion, convenience,

while commodity now signifies a thing, and has a strictly commercial import. The steps by which the derivation took place may be supplied from our older writers. Commodity is found signify. ing advantage; and as proportion, or due observance of measure, time, or opportunity leads to convenience, so does a regard to convenience conduce to advantage; but advantage is only interest or profit, and profit is by commodities, the sources of gain. Commodity as convenience:

"Travellers turn out of the highway, drawn either by the commodity of a footpath, or the delicacy or the freshness of the fields."-B. Jonson. Commodity as advantage:

"They know that howsoever men may seek their own commodity, yet if this were done with injury unto others, it was not to be suffered." -Hooker.

Commodity as wares :

"Of money in the commerce of mankind the principal use is that of saving the commutation of more bulky commodities."-Arbuthnot, "On Coins."

Ule, as in globule, from the Latin globulus, a small globe or ball. The termination ule (in Latin both ulus and ula) is found in particule (Latin particula) shortened into particle. Animalcale, a little animal, is formed by analogy rather than authority, inasmuch as the only connected diminutive in Latin is animula, from anima, there being no diminutive from animal.

Ure, from the Latin ura; as, tinctura (a colour), tincture. It is found also in verdure (Latin, viridis, green), immediately from the French; and in tenure, from the word tenura, belonging to feudal or medieval Latin.

Ute, from the Latin participial ending utus, as acutus (Latin, acu, a needle), sharpened, acute.

Ward appears in the German warts, as in vorwärts, forwards; and the Latin versus, towards. It forms many compounds, traces of which are found in the Anglo-Saxon, as thider-weard, thitherward; ham-ward, homeward. In the use of toward, the to and the ward were sometimes separated by the interposition of the noun under regimen, as in 1 Thess. i. 8"Your faith to God-ward is spread abroad."

Wise, from the Anglo-Saxon wise, manner, is used in both Anglo-Saxon and English as a suffix; as, rightwis, righteous, formerly rightwise; unrightwis, unrighteous. Wise, denoting manner, is found in the Bible.

"Now the birth of Jesus Christ was on this wise." (Matt. i. 18.) "If thou afflict them in any wise." (Exod. xxii. 23.)

Webster, in his dictionary, under wise, states that wise is corrupted into ways, as in lengthways. This position may be questioned. Way, signifying manner, is good English. Why, then, may we not say lengthways? The s is merely a terminating consonant for the voice to rest on, as in always. Good writers use longways no less than longwise. Sideways is more common than sidewise. For always, algates; and for otherwise, othergates (which are the same as our always and otherways; gates being from the German gehen, to go; and gasse, a street or way), are not uncommon in the north of England.

Y, a Saxon termination, in adjectives representing ig, as myrig, merry; wässerig, watery; and in nouns representing for the Latin ia, as victoria, victory; for the Greek, also, ia, as geometria, geometry. See the terminations ance and ce. In such words as yclept, that is, called; yclad, that is, clothed; the y is a softened sound of the German ge, which is prefixed to the past participles, as geboren, born.

Meaning.

From Latin. From French. From Saxon.

From the above table it appears that there are 82 English suffixes, of which 7 are of Greek origin; 28 Latin; 8 French, and 39 Saxon.

It is of little consequence in general whether the suffixes ascribed to the French be ascribed to it or to the Latin, whence they originally came. If the eight French suffixes are added to the twenty-eight Latin ones, then the Latin suffixes are nearly equal to those of Saxon origin. Adding all the foreign suffixes together, we find they amount to forty-three, and so outnumber our native or Saxon suffixes.