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mer, pronounced met-ta), signifying A tmsference, is found in metaphor pronounced fer-ro, I bear), a figure of ces & Tansference of the literal meaning of may represented objects of sense. It is 1 Tansference that the word which set tets ms come to denote a state of mind a which now describes a shrewd, clever cesar, piercing-from the Latin acu, c worvis now applied to mental or moral metaphors. Instances may be given in re cu fecto. I bend, abstract (Latin, ab, oncence Latin, cum, with, and capio, cer corresponding nouns: also, in hard 1, per tisposition, light ight-hearted). The zwerer, is recally given to more marked and razumi instances of transference, on the supposed resemblance between the Thus, the sun is termed the

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Jauns

• The ne part which is physic (physics, lating to matter) inra i tamleth the material and efficient cases; and the other, s music metaphysics, the plural is now generally used), Leth the formal and final causes."-Bac, **Advancement of

om this part of Aristotle's logic there is an easy transition to wing has been called his metaphysics; a name unknown to the author mseif, and given to his most abstract philosophical works by his Actors, from an opinion that these books ought to be studied imme iately after his physics, or treatises on natural philosophy."-Gillies, * Ami as † Arists'le's Works."

M also enters into the Greek word metempsychosis (em, in, ani su pronounced su'-ke, the soul), the passage of the soni from one body to another.

The souls of usurers, after their death, Lucan affirms to be metemor translated into the bodies of asses, and there remain cerzun rears, for poor men to take their pennyworth out of their bones."

EXERCISE.

1. Parse the following sentences:

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Tras a very hot month. In July the grass and flowers are burnt. Who do you not water your garden? The children go under the A bee is on the honeysuckle. The bee will carry the honey the hire. Look at puss! She pricks up her ears. She smells the Pass wants to get into the closet. The mice have nibbled the hau's February is a cold month. It snows. It freezes.

£ Form sentences having in them these words:Sagasification; prevent; incrustation; excommunicate; efflores An encamp; survey; office; entertainment; epitaph; equivocatara, despot; forbid; pardon; hieroglyphics.

$ Write a theme on each of the following subjects:Joseph and his brethren. 2. A May morning. 3. The Invincible Armada & The Solar System. 5. The chief river in the neighbour hood where you live, and any objects of interest on or near its banks.

:

LESSONS IN PENMANSHIP.-XIX.

IN Copy-slips Nos. 67 and 68 the learner will see how the letters V, W, and b are joined to letters that precede and follow them, and in these he will also find examples of the method of bringing the final curve to the right, which terminates the letters that have just been named, in a downward direction, in order to carry it with greater facility into the line that forms the loop

wave

No. 70. An inspection of these elementary strokes will show that the letter r is formed of the top-turn, with the addition of a fine hair-stroke brought upwards along the right-hand side of the thick down-stroke of the top-turn as far as the line cc, when it is carried out to the right, in a graceful curve, as far as the line a a. The pen is then brought downwards, and the letter is terminated by a curved or hooked stroke, resembling in a great measure a small bottom-turn. When the letter r is

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of the letter e, which would be greatly curtailed in size and robbed of its proper proportions if the final curve of the V, b, or W that precedes it were carried to the right midway between the lines a a, cc, in the ordinary way, instead of being brought downwards as far as the line cc and then turned into the loop of the letter e.

The four remaining letters of the writing alphabet-namely, r, f, k, and z-each exhibit a peculiarity of form that is not to be found in any other letter. The elementary strokes which are combined to form the letter r are shown in Copy-slip No. 69, and the letter r itself in a complete form in Copy-slip

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followed by e, the finishing turn, as in the case of the final curve terminating the letters V, W, and b, is made larger in order to carry it into the fine up-stroke commencing at cc, which forms the loop of the letter e.

An example of the letter r, in conjunction with letters preceding and following it, will be found in Copy-slip No. 71, in the word roller. The elementary looped stroke, turned at the top, which generally forms the upper part of the letter f, is given in Copy-slip No. 72. It resembles the loop-stroke, turned at the bottom, which enters into the composition of the letters j, g, and y, in a reversed position.

LESSONS IN GERMAN.-XVIII.

Brunswick to-morrow.
of God.

15. The heavens declare the glory

Wie ́ternehmen, to take

SECTION XXXIII.—PECULIARITIES IN VERBS, ETC. 1. THE infinitive of the active voice, in certain phrases, is, especially after the verb Sein, often employed in a passive signification, as :—Er ist zu ehren, he is to be honoured. Er ist zu loben, he is to be perused. Sag ibn rufen, let him be called. This use of the infinitive prevails to some extent in English. Thus, we may translate literally the following examples :-Dieses Haus ist zu vermuter this house is to let. Dieser Knabe ist zu tateln, this boy is to blame.

2.

een signifies "to name, to call;" also, sometimes, "to comIn the sense of naming or calling, it is most generally ased in a passive signification, as - Wie heißen Sie? how are yon moled? or, what is your name? Ich heiße Rudolph, I am nated Ralph, er, my name is Ralph.

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Schnell, quick, rapid-
ly.

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again, back. Wilhelm, m. William. Zurud', back. 3urück kommen, to come back. Zurück schicken, to send back.

1. Wo schicken Sie Ihren Bedienten bin? 2. Er ist frank, er kann nirgents hingeben. 3. Schreiben Sie diesen Brief ab? 4. Ich habe ibn schon abgeschrieben. 5. Glauben Sie, daß der Buchbinter mir meine Bücher zurückschickt? 6. Hat Ihre Schwester tie Blumen erbalten, die ich ihr gekauft habe? 7. Der Gärtner kommt morgen und wird sie mitbringen (Sect. XXVI. 2). 8. Wann geht Johann in die Schule? 9. Er geht morgen dahin, und der kleine Heinrich geht auch. 10. We find tie neuen Tische, welche der Schreiner gemacht hat? 11. Haben Sie den schönen Wagen gesehen, in welchem Herr G. seine Frau und seine Kinder Ueberre ten, to per abbolte? 12. Wann kommt Ihr Herr Bruder von Paris zurüc? 13. Er ist schon seit (Sect. LVII.) fünf Tagen zurück. 14. Haben Sie lle berichub, m. over- guft, einen Erazieraang zu machen? 15. Nein, ich habe schon einen Spaziergang um die Stadt gemacht.

Ulebung, f. practice,

use.

suade.

shoe. Ueberzeu'gen, to convince.

Setets or j. the-
the (Sect. XXX.
€.
Servet a work of Fermie then, to let.
Berzetben, to pardon,

be f. pains, toil. Cut Piter & fes Dize without.

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excuse.

Fellfem'men, perfect.
Werthvell, valuable.

EXERCISE 63.

1. He was beginning to tell us what he had written, but he was interrupted by the arrival of a stranger. 2. When did your sister start for France? 3. She left the day before yesterday. 4. Has she taken little Mary with her? 5. It will be very difficult to make his conduct agree with the principles that he professes. 6. You, who have forsaken your friends, are entitled to no confidence. 7. Good women are the most charming class An evil conscience is not to be of society; they comfort us, raise our minds, constitute our quieted. happiness, and have no vices but those which we communicate to them.

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1 Junie großer 16inen Häuser sind alle zu vermiethen 2. Das eine dd if a vetme ben tas antere zu verkaufen. 3. Es ist mcht zu glauEM perver bat 4. Dieses Buch ist bei Herrn Westermann u Eturnaney a biber 5. Kein einziger Stern war am ganzen Him. 6 tiles lange Wort auszufrreshen? 7. Wo find why esmer 24.he une lieberichuhe zu finden? 8. Die besten, die gring kise fat bei meinem alten Nachbar N zu finden 9. Das a vez PrELLEÁL Với”, taś máté um Schlosse zu retten war 10. Nichte Leminske ė site 2 The zu gewinnen 11. Dieser hobe Felsen ist nicht 12. Ties alte us ist nicht mehr herzustellen at a fammen 14. Er ist weter zu überzeugen. 15 en Baragen ist gar nicht zu verzeihen. 16. * beat the Arram? 17. Gr heißt Jafcb. 18. Wie heißt das auf 19. Ge best eine Brille 20. Gin Kunstwerk ist testo schöner, immener el 19, tus beißt, je mehr Theile es hat, und je mehr alle | trie Therie zum Swede beitragen.

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1 The pronunciation of foreign words is only to be acquired 4. practice. 2. Nothing is to be learned without pains. Perfect felicity is not to be found in this world. 4. You ofck. that you are not to be understood. 5. Health ant to be bought with money. 6. The peace of the town was wtored through severe orders. 7. How do you call La tusar? . They are called tulips. 9. The intelligent riched wit be praised. 10. The difference between to buy mut by this time, be known to the scholar. 11. i had of the bookseller C. in London. 12. of art cannot be made without much toil. tun vist are valued for their perfume, the way of its colours. 14. James is going to

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SECTION XXXIV.—PECULIARITIES IN VERBS, ETC.—

(continued).

Werten is used as an auxiliary in forming the future of all German verbs; and, in this use, is translated by our auxiliary "shall" or "will.” (§ 70. 6.)

1. As an independent verb werten signifies, "to become, to grow, to get," etc., as:-Er wird alt, he is growing old. Das Wetter wird kälter, the weather is growing colder. Es wirt tunkel, it is getting dark. Der Rabe wird sehr alt, the raven becomes very old (lives or attains to a great age).

2. Werten with the dative often denotes possession, as:-Mir wird immer tas Meinige, I always obtain my own (to me comes [becomes] always my own). Meinen armen Unterthanen mus tas Ihrige werten, my poor subjects must have their own (property). CONJUGATION OF THE VERB werden, IN THE INDICATIVE.

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3. Often, when repeated or customary action is implied, the genitive of a noun is made to supply the place of an adverb, as:—Des Morgens schläft, des Mittags lieft, und des Abents spielt er, he sleeps in the morning, reads at noon, and plays in the evening. (§ 101.)

4. Als (as), after sobald, so viel, so weit, etc., is frequently omitted, but must be supplied in translating, as :-o viel ich ris, so far as I know. So gut ich kann, as well as I can. Sebald femmt, as soon as he comes, etc. For other uses of als, see Sect. LX.

Aage, n. eye.

VOCABULARY.
Finster, dark.

Asantern, to emi- Fühlen, to feel.
Heiß, hot.

grate.

Scentigen, to end, effen, to hope.

finish. Gamerat', m. comrade. Taraus, thereout,

therefrom. înd, m. pressure. Dafen, to be permitted (§ 25). Gruden, to descry,

Bee.

Garten, to await.
Ang ready.

Huntert, hundred.

the

3ahr, n. year.
Krieger, m. warrior.
Lager, n. couch.
Längstens, at
longest.
Meer, n. sea.
Plöglich, suddenly.
Schlacht, f. battle.
Republik, f. republic.
Seufzen, to sigh.
RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

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Sinfen, to sink.
Sobalt', as soon as.
Tag'löhner, m. day-
labourer.

Tausend, thousand (§
44).

Vermögen, to be able.
Vorhaben, to intend.
Werten, to become,
etc. (R. 1).

Ziel, n. limit, goal,

aim.
Ziemlich, tolerably.
3uvor', previously.
Zufünftig, future.

7. Ich habe

6. Wollen Sie dieses Jahr noch nach Amerika auswandern?
es vor, aber ich glaube nicht, daß etwas daraus werten wirt. 8. Frankreich
wurte im Jahre cintausend achthundert acht und vierzig eine Republik. 9.
10. Ist Ihre neue Grammatik schon
ett sprach: es werte, und es ward.
beendigt? 11. Noch nicht, aber ich hoffe, daß sie in längstens vierzehn
12. Was soll aus mir werden? 13. Es wird
Tagen
fertig werten wird.
ein heißer Tag werden, sprach ein alter Krieger, wenige Stunden vor der
Schlacht, zu seinen Gameraten. 14. Die Sonne sank in das Meer, und es
ward Nacht. 15. Der Kranke seufzt auf seinem Lager: will es denn nie
Tag werden?" und der Taglöhner unter dem Drucke seiner Arbeit: wird es
denn nicht bald Nacht werten?" 16. Das Wetter ist schon ziemlich kalt
geworten.

EXERCISE 65.

1. The present [Gegenwart] we know, the future [3ukunft] we know not of, and honour to that man who can quietly await [ruhig erwarten] the future. 2. Became your sister suddenly ill ? 3. No, she felt a violent headache eight days previously. 4. Do you intend to become a learned man? 5. Let us go home before it gets dark. 6. Most people become ill through neglect [turch Bernachlässigung]. 7. Many a one [Mancher] has become quite another man, after he has received a more careful education. 8. Most people become slaves of wealth instead of masters of it. 9. As soon as it becomes spring, the whole of nature revives again [belebt sich wieder].

OUR HOLIDAY.

GYMNASTICS.-VI.

THE construction we have next to notice among the appliances of the Gymnasium is that known as

THE VAULTING HORSE.

This consists in a figure made of wood, something in the form of the body of a horse, and the character of which will be seen by our illustration (Fig. 19). It is desirable that the block which forms the body of the horse should be covered with leather and well padded, but this is not indispensable. The legs, which must be very firmly fixed in the ground, should be so contrived as to be capable of elevating or lowering the body of the horse at pleasure, and the pommels also should be movable, so as to be adjusted at the most convenient distances for the performance of the different exercises.

In some gymnasia a more simple kind of construction, named a Vaulting Buck, is employed for the use of learners in the preliminary exercises among the Vaulting Horse series. The buck is a solid block, in form an oblong square, and supported either on four legs, or on one stout one, so fixed in the centre that the body of the buck revolves upon it. But as the first few of the exercises we have now to mention closely resemble those which are performed on the vaulting buck, we need not here make more than a passing allusion to the latter.

The body of the vaulting horse is divided into three portions, the neck, the saddle, and the croup. The saddle is, of course, the space between the two pommels; the neck, the narrower portion in advance of the pommels; and the croup, behind As soon (as) he heard that, he them. Near side is the side on your left hand, looking towards stood up (got up). the neck from behind; and off side, the side on your right.

As much (as) I know (so far as
I know), he is an honourable

man.

As soon as the report of the
treachery of Görgey arrived,
the courage of the Hunga-
rians sank.

Sebalt die Sonne un'tergeht, wird As soon as the sun goes down,
Nacht.

Bas ist aus ihm geworden?
Du Stunten werten zu Tagen, tie

Tage zu Wochen, die Wochen zu
Donaten, und die Mo'nate zu
Jahren.

it (becomes) is night.
What has become of him?

The hours (become) grow to
days, the days to weeks, the
weeks to months, and the
months to years.

EXERCISE 64.

1. Bir werten alt und älter. und sind eher am Ziele, als uns angenehm, 12. 2. Es ware so finster, taß wir unsere Hänte nicht vor ten Augen zu czölden vermochten. 3. Um fünf Uhr wird es tunkel. 4. Stehen Sie res Morgens früh auf? 5. Sobald es Tag wird, verlasse ich mein Lager.

1. The first position for the learner to practise is the rest (Fig. 20). You vault into this position from the ground, either with or without a run. Placing the hands on the pommels of the horse you spring lightly up, until the thighs rest on the body of the horse, as in the illustration. Then descend to the ground, and, without leaving your hold of the pommels, spring up again and again several times in succession.

2. Still in the position of the rest, practise the free movement of the legs, first one and then the other, sideways as far as you can extend them. Afterwards move both together in the same

way. The object of this exercise is to prepare the learner to mount the horse in a free and easy manner.

3. The saddle mount is performed in the following manner :Go into the rest on the near side, then throw the right leg upward, and let it pass over the croup; remove the right hand at the same time, and place it either upon the saddle or upon the front pommel, when you can come down easily astride the horse. This position is said to be crossways to the horse, and you are sideways when in the rest.

4. For the croup mount, you raise both legs upward from

rest, and, opening them when they are above the croup, you como lightly down into the seat.

5. In the neck mount, you start as with the saddle mount, but throw the right leg over both croup and saddle, removing both 'hands as the leg passes.

6. In dismounting from the saddle seat, the right hand rests upon the pommel in front of you, and the left is placed upon the saddle; you then throw the left leg backward over the croup, and, at the same time, grasp the back pommel with the left hand. This brings you back to the position of the rest, but on the off-side of the horse, and you then spring lightly to the ground. In dismounting from the croup, you throw up both legs backwards, and come to the ground on the off-side, without an intermediate position. From the neck you dismount as from the saddle, by swinging the left leg backwards, or you may occasionally descend to the ground by the direct leap forward.

Fig. 19.

There are various other ways of mounting and dismounting, more or less fantastic in their nature, but it would require too much space, and serve no practical purpose, to describe them here.

7. In descending from the horse, both in the exercises just described and in the more advanced of the series, the backward sag off may be performed with advantage, as follows:-When the position of the rest is reached, grasp the pommels firmly, throw up the legs backwards, and, at the same moment, pushing off lightly with the hands, you descend to the ground some distance from the horse. In descending in this manner, you may also either turn to the right or to the left before coming to the ground, or completely round, so that the back is towards the horse when the feet touch the earth.

Balancing upon the horse is performed in a variety of ways, but in these exercises the legs must not touch the horse. One form of balancing is shown in Fig. 21. In executing this balance you start from the croup seat, and throw your legs gradually behind you, leaning well forward upon the hands at the same time, the weight of the body resting upon them. In this way you raise the legs to the position shown in the illusfestion, and, as you become more expert and confident, you may sonline the upward movement until you stand upon the hands. Hist when attempting to perform this feat, it is necessary that artna zna aboud be alone by the gymnast to render assistance raon il sapody nênĮ,

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The amma kind of movement may be performed from the portion aurady donoribed as the rest (Fig. 20), but in this case fran the moment of starting, may be kept entirely Grasping both pommels firmly, gradually Fain the legs from the ground until the kuona pass between the arms, but without fouching the saddle. Then you may conkross the movement until the legs are thrust Antinly through the arms, and extended traight before you, when you are, as it ww, in & mitting position, but resting enTrendy upon the hands. This is a capital westa 6, and, with a little care, may be perfom din porfoot safety. When weary of The presition, spring forward to the ground, descending on the other side of the horse, Fout without allowing any portion of the Teely to touch it in passing. Remember hor the rule already given in our paper A leaping exercises, to alight on the balls of the feet, bending the knees slightly as touch the earth, and you thus come fé com this maddle seat, grasp the forward pommel, bis legs just clear of the horse, raise the - almost a straight line with the head, the legs 1.wards on either side. After you can * may bring the head downward until it a.1 stand on your head, the hands, of

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course, grasping the pommel; but here, again, it is necessary to have one or two persons by to assist you in case of a slip.

11. The balancing movement will assist you in changing readily from one seat to another. Thus, from the croup seat you raise the body as in Fig. 21, the legs being close together; you then throw the legs downward and forward along the side of the horse, and, when level with the saddle seat, pass one leg over; then removing the hands to the front pommel, the change of seat is complete. The change from the saddle to the neck may be made in the same manner.

12. In changing from the croup to the neck without the intermediate seat, you first grasp one pommel in each hand, then raise the legs (Fig. 21), and swing them forward as before, but as you pass one leg over the neck you face about, and come into the seat with the forward pommel in front of you. These exercises may be done on both the near and off sides of the horse in turn.

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pommel in each hand, then raise the body and pass it completely over and round the horse until you reach the neck seat, and descend into it, facing about as before. In this exercise the-body describes a complete semicircle, the weight resting upon the hands.

14. There are various ways of vaulting over the horse, one of which is shown in Fig. 22. Grasp both pommels before taking the spring, but relinquish the hold of one hand as the body passes over. A run of a few paces will give an additional impetus for the spring, but the movement should also be prac tised from the standing position.

15. Vault straight over the horse, after a short run, by placing the hands upon the pommels and springing upward, the legs passing between the arms, and the knees being raised towards the chest as you pass over. This exercise may afterwards be done with the knees lowered and the legs bent straight behind in taking the jump, which will give variety to the movement. But these vaults should be practised only by an expert gymnast.

Other vaults are taught in our gymnasia, some of a much more difficult and daring character. Among these may be mentioned the leap over the horse without touching it with any part of the person, technically known as the free leap. It is usual to prepare for this exercise by vaulting from the ground on to the saddle, resting one foot thereupon; and after the gymnast can accomplish this, he is allowed to attempt the free leap. There is a still more hazardous feat, known as the tiger leap, which is performed by springing from the ground with the head thrust forward and the arms extended, and so clearing the horse something in the manner in which a cat would perform the movement whence its name. Again, somersaults over the horse are practised occasionally, generally starting from the position of the rest; but we cannot commend any of these performances to the emulation of our readers. In the gymnasia in which they may occasionally be seen, only advanced gymnasts are allowed to attempt them, nor is even the expert performer left without the aid of one or more attendants, who stand by in readiness to give any assistance that may be required. Even in the simpler performances upon the horse caution is requisite, as in many other gymnastic exercises.

'Fig. 22.

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