Beast and Man: The Roots of Human NaturePsychology Press, 2002 - 365 ページ Philosophers have traditionally concentrated on the qualities that make human beings different from other species. In Beast and Man Mary Midgley, one of our foremost intellectuals, stresses continuities. What makes people tick? Largely, she asserts, the same things as animals. She tells us humans are rather more like other animals than we previously allowed ourselves to believe, and reminds us just how primitive we are in comparison to the sophistication of many animals. A veritable classic for our age, Beast and Man has helped change the way we think about ourselves and the world in which we live. |
目次
Have We a Nature? | xlii |
What We Can Ask of Our Concepts | 10 |
Could People Be Blank Paper? | 15 |
Animals and the Problem of Evil | 21 |
Beasts Within | 32 |
Aristotelian and Kantian Beasts | 39 |
Instinct Nature and Purpose | 46 |
What Is The Nature of a Species? | 52 |
On Using Our Knowledge | 173 |
Our Nature Is a Whole | 177 |
We are no Tourists Here | 183 |
The Marks of Man | 190 |
Reason and Language | 198 |
Language and Morality | 205 |
What Goes with Language? Other Structural Properties | 213 |
Why the Machine Model Cannot Work | 221 |
The Meaning of Biological Determinism | 57 |
Reasoning from Purpose | 66 |
Art and Science in Psychology | 78 |
The Exaltation of the Gene | 84 |
The Need for the Long Perspective | 88 |
The Absurdity of Forgetting the Individual | 91 |
On Taking Motives Seriously | 98 |
What Describing Is | 103 |
Communication and Consciousness | 106 |
Altruism and Egoism | 108 |
The Use and Misuse of Egoism | 112 |
How to Misunderstand Altruism | 116 |
The Mystery of the Unconscious Altruist | 121 |
How to Make the Whole Study of Motives Impossible | 125 |
Signposts | 134 |
Survival Is Not Enough | 143 |
Understanding the Metaphor of Height | 149 |
Evolution and Practical Thinking | 155 |
Why Neurology Cannot Replace Moral Philosophy | 159 |
Facts and Values | 166 |
Understanding What Language Does | 227 |
Understanding What Expressive Movements Do | 231 |
On Being Animal as Well as Rational | 240 |
Conflict and Integration | 248 |
The Human Solution | 252 |
The Shared Solution | 260 |
Why We Need a Culture | 270 |
Culture as Language | 278 |
The Prehuman Roots of Culture in Habit and Symbolism | 291 |
The Place of Conventional Symbols | 298 |
The Common Hetitage | 304 |
Families and Freedom | 311 |
Why Intelligence Does Not Replace Instinct | 316 |
What Is Anthropomorphism? | 328 |
The Egoists Blind Alley | 335 |
Living in the Whole World | 341 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 348 |
| 354 | |
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