Calculus on Manifolds: A Modern Approach to Classical Theorems of Advanced CalculusThis little book is especially concerned with those portions of ”advanced calculus” in which the subtlety of the concepts and methods makes rigor difficult to attain at an elementary level. The approach taken here uses elementary versions of modern methods found in sophisticated mathematics. The formal prerequisites include only a term of linear algebra, a nodding acquaintance with the notation of set theory, and a respectable first-year calculus course (one which at least mentions the least upper bound (sup) and greatest lower bound (inf) of a set of real numbers). Beyond this a certain (perhaps latent) rapport with abstract mathematics will be found almost essential. |
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10 ページ
If A C Rn is closed and bounded, then A C B for some closed rectangle B. If 0 is
an open cover of A, then 0 together with Rn — A is an open cover of B. Hence a
finite number Ui UK of sets in 0, together with Rn — A perhaps, cover B. Then U\,
...
If A C Rn is closed and bounded, then A C B for some closed rectangle B. If 0 is
an open cover of A, then 0 together with Rn — A is an open cover of B. Hence a
finite number Ui UK of sets in 0, together with Rn — A perhaps, cover B. Then U\,
...
55 ページ
\c> provided / . \c is integrable. This certainly occurs (Problem 3-14) if / and \c are
integrable. 3-9 Theorem. The function xc' A — > R is integrable if and only if the
boundary of C has measure 0 (and hence content 0). Proof. If x is in the interior of
...
\c> provided / . \c is integrable. This certainly occurs (Problem 3-14) if / and \c are
integrable. 3-9 Theorem. The function xc' A — > R is integrable if and only if the
boundary of C has measure 0 (and hence content 0). Proof. If x is in the interior of
...
65 ページ
This result, applied to |/|, shows the convergence of 2v6# 2*e*/ Ji * - f ' 1/1. and
hence of 2ve*2^e*|/A ^ . <p -f\. This absolute convergence justifies interchanging
the order of summation in the above equation ; the resulting double sum clearly ...
This result, applied to |/|, shows the convergence of 2v6# 2*e*/ Ji * - f ' 1/1. and
hence of 2ve*2^e*|/A ^ . <p -f\. This absolute convergence justifies interchanging
the order of summation in the above equation ; the resulting double sum clearly ...
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basis boundary bounded function calculus called chain rule classical theorems closed rectangle compact set consider continuously differentiable coordinate system definition denoted Df(a Dif(a Dif(x,y differentiable function div F Divergence Theorem dy A dz dz A dx equation fc-cube fc-dimensional manifold fc-form fdxl Figure finite number Fubini's theorem function g G Rn Hence Hint induced orientation inner product integrable interior intersects inverse Jordan-measurable l)-form least upper bound Lemma Let A C Rn Let g linear transformation manifold in Rn mathematics matrix measure Michael Spivak ms(f n-chain non-zero open cover open interval open rectangle open set containing orientation-preserving partial derivatives partition of unity Problem prove reader Rm is differentiable satisfies singular n-cube Stokes subrectangle subset suffices Suppose Theorem 2-2 theorem is true unique usual orientation vector field vector space volume element