their military strength beyond remedy. The Moro is in process of civilization. He has been compelled to give up slavery by legislation put into force since General Wood took charge.

There are seven main racial and linguistic subdivisions of the typical Filipinos, between each of which there is more or less of suspicion, if not actual distrust and dislike. This, added to language barriers, makes it impossible to speak of "the Filipino people" as one having common aspirations or common sympathies. There are many lesser divisions with which the limits of this work will not permit me to deal. Nearly all of the latter will disappear with the introduction of a common speech (English) and that breaking down of provincial barriers which will come with better postal facilities and railways. These seven main fractions of the total population will lose their identity very slowly, if at all.

Beginning at the south, these seven divisions of the Christianized Filipinos are Visayans, Bicols, Tagalogs, Pampangans, Pangasinans, Ilocanos, and Cagayaños. A rough count of advance sheets from the new census gives the Visayans the lead in numbers, with an approximate total of 3,225,000; Tagalogs come next, with 1,500,000; Ilocanos and Bicols follow, with about 500,000 each; while the Pampangan and Pangasinan peoples number about 335.000 each. Visayans of varying speech, and wide differences of feature and stature as well as mental and moral status, fill all the so-called "Southern Islands" except the portions of Mindanao and Jolo, which are entirely occupied by Moros. Bicols are only found in the very south of Luzon. Tagalogs are great wanderers, but their own peculiar territory is Southern and Central Luzon. Pampangans and Pangasinans are chiefly found in provinces of the same names in Luzon; and Ilocanos.

are at home in the Northwest Coast provinces of the same island, though, like the Tagalogs, they are a venturesome, commercial people, and are found in all provinces of Northern Luzon and in all parts of the Archipelago. Cagayaños live in the valley of the Cagayan River, in Northeastern Luzon.

The languages of these seven races all spring from the original Malay. But they have become as completely differentiated as Spanish and Italian, or Portuguese and French. Each has its own grammar and vocabulary. None of the races named can understand each other, the nearest approach to an exception being in the case of the comparatively small body of Pampangans, whose speech is sufficiently akin to Tagalog to enable them to follow a conversation in a loose general way, after a little practice.

There are other marked differences among these peoples which lie deeper than languages. The Tagalogs are the most enterprising, the most quarrelsome, the most restless race in the Islands. Partly because of their sharing more largely in European culture through living in Manila and the immediately adjoining provinces, but chiefly because of strong racial tendencies, they have come to be recognized as the leaders in all movements looking toward progress. The chief insurrections of the past have been Tagalog insurrections. The insurrection of 1896-7 and opposition to the American régime were both begun and officered almost wholly by Tagalogs. Aguinaldo is a Tagalog. The Partido Federal, or Federal party, and the Nationalist party, are officered and made up of members of the same race. The Tagalog is everywhere. He is fond of change. He is a trader and a traveler. Many Tagalogs have studied and traveled. in Europe after having taken courses of study in Manila

institutions. Few of the other races have been far from their island homes.

Next in alertness and progressiveness come the Ilocanos. They, too, are migratory. They "swarm off" from home hives, and settle in far provinces. Pangasinan province has at least a population one-third Ilocano. The rich Cagayan Valley, in the extreme north of Luzon, has a high percentage of the same race. Among the Igorrotes of various tribes in the mountain provinces of Luzon, business is almost wholly in Ilocano hands. Officers of our army who have had wide experience with the various races, are practically unanimous in their good opinion of the Ilocano people. They give them credit for more industry, enterprise, and trustworthiness than any of the other races with which they have been in

contact.

The Visayans are, as a whole, a less progressive, more quiet, peace-loving people. The insurrection of 1896-7 took but feeble hold on them. Only in Samar and parts of Cebu did our army have serious trouble with the natives, and even there the hand of the restless Tagalog was ever present.

CHAPTER III.

SOCIAL ORDER AND GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS.

THE Philippine social order is much the same in its broad outlines as it was when the Spanish discovered the Archipelago. At that time the majority of the people were living in independent communities under the rule. of chiefs called dattos, and their lieutenants, who composed the nobility of the village and formed a hereditary Below these were the plebeians, or working, trading peasantry; and below these still were the slaves. These latter were chiefly captives taken in the almost incessant forays which were carried on against neighboring communities.

caste.

The Spanish authorities, civil and religious, broke down the hereditary authority of the dattos and their assistants by drawing several villages into one government, called a pueblo, leaving each unit of fifty families as a "barangay," or village, and appointing over each of these villages, or "barrios" a "cabeza," or head, whose immediate accountability was to the head or "presidente" of the pueblo. This amalgamation was accomplished slowly, and in spite of much open and secret opposition. Several insurrections have left their bloody trail across the earlier attempts to destroy hereditary chieftainship over each village. And all the efforts of the Spanish authority-civil, military, and religious-have failed to abolish the caste spirit which seems to be inherent in all

the Far East. There are still three classes in the social order-the principales, or class of superior wealth. family, or position; the working people; and the dependientes,

or dependents of men of "light and leading." These classes are not hedged about with any such inviolable caste restrictions as prevail in India; but they are sharply marked throughout the Islands, and persist in the same