administering justice; (5) to fortify Manila: (6) to set aside 12,000 ducats for building and adorning the cathedral. Sanchez returned from Rome to Spain laden with ecclesiastical spoil for his Philippine cathedral. Among these precious gifts of the pope were the body of St. Polycarp, relics of St. Potenciana and of one hundred and fifty-seven different saints and martyrs; among these were more or less complete skeletons of twentyseven popes, all these for transmission to the cathedral of Manila for the instruction of the heathen! Sanchez died before the ship sailed which was to have brought him back to the Philippines.

Philip abolished the Supreme Court at this time; but it was re-established in 1598, and remained until American supremacy brought its work to an abrupt end. Eight times during the period of Spanish occupation this court had to take the responsibility of government. the main, its great power was used with restraint and for the promotion of the ends of justice and good gov

ernment.

In

Japan came into conflict with the colony a little later on because of the bad faith of friars, who went there in the guise of ambassadors from the Philippine government, and persisted in violating their promises and the emperor's orders by remaining to carry on their propaganda among the Japanese. The emperor bore with it for some years; but at last, believing that the friars were but spies and advance agents of the Spanish government, he ordered them all to leave the country. They refused to go. This convinced him that his theory was the true one-that they were merely waiting for their government to come and rescue them and attempt to capture the country in punishment for oppressing their agents—and he ordered a general massacre of friars and

ture every galleon for several years in succession. Then the hardships of the Filipinos and Spaniards residing in the islands were almost unbearable. Strangely enough, Spain did not seem to learn to send her treasure in any other way, or by any other route. When peace was made between Holland and Spain about the middle of the eighteenth century these depredations ceased.

Late in 1761 war was declared between Spain and England, and a British fleet, under Admiral Cornish, carrying a land force under General Draper, in all 6,380 men, captured Manila, after a brief but bloody defense. The city was officially given over to indiscriminate pillage by the English and native Indian troops. The robbery, rapine, and violence of those two awful days can hardly be imagined. After two days of general looting, the Spanish were compelled to pay $4,000,000 (silver) as an indemnity. It was impossible to raise it all in Manila; so, after taking all the silver they could secure from the churches, the British accepted orders. on the Spanish treasury for the remaining $2,000,000. These orders were never pressed upon the Spanish government, as it was believed in England that the officers in charge at Manila had secured all the indemnity that it was right to demand. The British held Manila until peace was declared between the two nations, and then sailed away.

Four times Spanish officials sought to exterminate. the Chinese. The first time was about 1603. In that year two richly-dressed ambassadors from the Emperor of China arrived in Manila. They stated that their master had heard that there was a mountain of solid gold near Cavite on the island of Luzon, and they had been sent to see if this report were true, and if so, on what terms the emperor could secure a share in this massed

from that day, on the 28th of into the vast Pacific, November the jealous captains recognized leader, and were enthusiastic Philippine Islands were sighte named San Lazaro Islands by this, Magellan was killed in a had engaged to aid the king of time was doubly unfortunate. tion of its one masterful mind, full exploration and occupation of the Archipelago which King had provided for. Only one of Spain. The little Victoria, com bravest and most intelligent of bastian del Cano, entered the h sailed, on September 8, 1522sailed around the world!

No serious attempt was made the Islands until 1564. King throne of Spain in 1555, and h their conquest. His motives we

He chose Don Miguel Lope general of the expedition, and St. Augustine, Andres de Urd tor. With the latter were six the first to enter the Philippin Urdaneta had both lived in M were close friends. Both wet ability and the Philippines feel to this day.

It should be remembered th the occupation of the Philip America. It sailed away from