Reason half extinct, Or impotent, or else approving, sees The foul disorder. Thomson's Spring. However the poor jackalls are less foul (As being the brave lion's keen providers) Than human insects, catering for spiders. Byron. FOUL, in sea-language, is used when a ship has been long untrimmed, so that the grass, weeds, or barnacles, grow on her sides under water. It is also used for the running of one ship against another. This happens sometimes by the violence of the wind, and sometimes by the carelessness of the people on board, to ships in the same convoy, and to ships in port by means of others coming in. The damages occasioned by running foul are of the nature of those in which both parties must bear a share. They are usually made half to fall upon the sufferer, and half upon the vessel which did the injury; but in cases where it is evidently the fault of the master of the vessel, he alone is to bear the da mage. FOUL, in husbandry, a disease of cattle, proceeding from blood, and a waterish rheum that falls down into the legs, and makes them swell. FOUL WATER. A ship is said to make foul water, when, being under sail, she comes into such shoal water, that though her keel do not touch the ground, yet it comes so near it, that the motion of the water under her raises the mud from the bottom. FOULA, or FOUL ISLAND, one of the Shetland Isles, lying between six and seven leagues west from the main land. It is about three miles FOULAHS (Arab. falaha, tillage, this people if culiarly insinuating air. Mahommedans in religion, they still do not observe the rules of the prophet with any strictness; nor do they exhibit that intolerance which prevails among the Moors. They speak a language of their own; but the Arabic is their only written one. Such is the general account which travellers have given of the Foulahs. M. Mollien, the last writer and observer of the habits of this race, delineates their character, however, in darker shades. He represents them as very intolerant and haughty, encroaching and treacherous; while he allows them many of the good qualities we have mentioned. As, however, he says, tnat all the Foulahs are engaged in trade, his descriptions may apply to the trading class near the banks of the Senegal, and it is impossible to say how far the odious parts of their character may have been produced by their intercourse with Europeans. A difference in the forms of government, religion, and other circumstances, in the nations with whom the original Foulahs have united, must also have produced a greater variety in the present race of Foulahs than in any of the other negro tribes. Respecting those of Foota-Jallo, this traveller observes, 'The native of FootaJallo is in general ugly; his look is as ferocious as that of a tiger; his nose is broad and flat, his teeth bad, his stature low, and his clothes, which hang in rags, and the manner in which he arranges his hair, naturally very long, by dividing it into small braids, according to the custom of the ancient Egyptians, give a savage appearance calculated to alarm the traveller: however, he is not cruel, but very irascible; the least trifle offends and irritates him, he rarely leaves an injustice unpunished, hence revolutions are frequent in Timbo. They are often attended with the death of the sovereign. The inhabitant of Foota-Jallo is proud of his country; he is incessantly asking strangers if they do not think it beautiful. Among the Foulahs fanaticism is carried to phrenzy ; every moment they draw their daggers, and looking furiously at them exclaim, I will plunge thee into the heart of a pagan." The Foulahs are said to be superior workmen in many of the mechanical arts. Every village has its weavers, smiths, and shoe-makers. Their domestic concerns are all managed by the females, respecting whom, M. Mollien says, 'The women are pretty, and well shaped, have oval faces, and delicate features; their hair is long, and they braid it round their heads; their feet are small, but their legs somewhat bowed; they are seldom so stout as the negresses. They load their hair with ornaments of yellow amber and coral, and their necks with gold or glass beads; over the head they throw a muslin veil; some wear a jacket with sleeves; like the negro women, they have a cloth fastened round the waist. Lively and warm, they always wear a smiling look, and they seem to sigh for nothing but pleasure; their virtue rarely resists a grain of coral, but the senses alone are concerned in the passion of these females; they are by no means susceptible of a delicate or lasting attachment; very malignant, they employ their charms to shake off their yoke, and to obtain a share in the empire of the hut; they are not slaves like the Jaloff women, but wives, and in reality mistresses of the house.' FOULWEATHER CAPE, a conspicuous and very singular promontory on the north-west coast of North America. A high round bluff point projects abruptly into the sea; a remarkable table hill is situated on the north, and a lower round bluff to the south of it. Vancouver places it in long. 236° 4′ W., lat. 44° 49′ N. FOUND. The preterite and participle passive Fr. fonder; Lat. fundare. To lay the basis of any building; to build; to erect; to begin; to originate; to fix firmly; to raise upon a principle or ground. The derivatives are applied in all these senses: the agent, the subject, and the action, stand in each of these relations to the verb, and in no other. He is lyk to a man that bildith an hous that diggide depe, and sette the foundement on a stoon. FOUNDATION, in architecture. See ARCHITECTURE, Index. Palladio allows a sixth part of the height of the whole building for the hollowing or under-digging, unless there be cellars under ground, in which case he would have it somewhat lower. FOUNDATION, in law, denotes a donation or legacy, either in money or lands, for the maintenance and support of some community, hospital, school, &c. The king only can found a college, but there may be a college in reputation founded by others. If it cannot appear by inquisition who founded a church or college, it shall be intended that it was the king, who has power to found a new church, &c. The king may found and erect an hospital, and give a name to the house upon the inheritance of another, or license another person to do it upon his own lands; and the words fundo, creo, &c., are not necessary in every foundation, either of a college or hospital, made by the king; but it is sufficient if there be words equivalent; the incorporation of a college or hospital is the very foundation; but he who endows it with lands is the founder: and to the erection of an hospital, nothing else is requisite but the incorporation and foundation. Persons seised of estates, m fee-simple, may found hospitals for the poor by deed enrolled in chancery, &c., which shall be incorporated, and subject to such visitors as the founder shall appoint, &c. stat. 39 Eliz. c. 5. FOUND, v. a. Fr. fondre, fondeur; La FOUNDER, n. s. fundere. To form by meltFOUNDRY, n. sing and pouring inte moulds; to cast. A founder is the agent, and foundry is the casting-house or place of his operation. A second multitude With wondrous art founded the massy ore, Severing each kind, scummed the bullion dross. Meiten Founders add a little antimony to their bell-metal, to make it more sonorous; and so pewterers to their pewter, to make it sound more clear like silver. Grew's Muse. FOUNDERS, persons who cast metals in various forms and for different uses; as guns, bells, statues, printing characters, candlesticks, backles, &c., whence they are denominated gunfounders, bell-founders, figurefounders, letter-founders, founders of small works, &c. The company of founders was incorporated in 1614. Their arms are azure, an ewer between two pillars, or, as in the annexed diagram. FOUNDER, v. a. & v. n. Fr. fondre; It. fond, the bottom. To cause such a soreness and tenderness in a horse's foot, that he is unable to set it to the ground. To sink to the bottom; to fail; to miscarry. Out of the ground, a fury infernal sterte, Chaucer. The Knightes Tale. Either some one, like us, night-foundered here, Or else some neighbour woodman, or at worst Some roving robber calling to his fellows. Milton Swift. Brutes find out where their talents lie: A bear will not attempt to fly; A foundered horse will oft debate, Before he tries a five-barred gate. The roar Of breakers has not daunted my slight trim, But still sea-worthy skiff, and she may float Where ships have foundered, as doth many a boat. Вутов. To FOUNDER, in sea language, is used, when a ship, by an extraordinary leak, or by a great sea breaking in upon her, is so filled with water that she cannot be freed of it; so that she can neither veer nor steer, but lies like a log; and not being able to swim long, will at last sink. 493 FOUNDING. FOUNDING, in the mechanical arts, will strictly include castings in brass and bronze, the founding of cannon, all the other operations of the iron foundry, and bell and type founding. But some of these are of sufficient importance to require distinct treatment. For the founding of cannon, see GUNNERY. For the operations of the iron foundry, see IRON FOUNDRY. For type-founding, see TYPE. This paper will be confined to founding in brass and bronze; and to bell founding. BRASS is a compound of copper and zinc, which become, by being fused together, a homogeneous malleable yellow metal, of great utility in various articles of our domestic economy, and in the arts, in which it is also employed in the founding of statues, &c. &c. See BRASS. Founders of brass articles of a general description require an exact model, in wood or otherwise, of the article to be founded; and this is most frequently required to be in two parts, exactly joined together, and fitted by small pins: the casting, in such a case, is performed by two operations, that is, one half at one time and one half at another, and in manner following, viz. The founder provides himself with a yellowish sharp sand, which is required to be well washed, to free it of all earthy and other particles. This saud is prepared for use by a process called tewing, which consists in working up the sand in a moist state, over a board about one foot square, which is placed over a box to receive what may fall over in the tewing. A roller about two feet long and two inches in diameter is employed in rolling the sand about until it is brought into that state which is deemed proper for its business: a long-bladed knife is also required to cut it in pieces. With the roller and the knife the tewing is finished for use, by being alternately rolled and cut. When the sand is so far prepared, the moulder provides himself with a table or board, which in size must be regulated by the castings about to be performed on it. The edges of the table or board are surrounded by a ledge, in order to support the tewed stuff; the table so previously prepared is filled up with the sand as high as the top of the ledge, which is in a moderately moistened state, and which must be pressed closely down upon the table in every part. When the operation has so far advanced, the models must be all examined, to see that they are in a state to come nicely out of the mould, and if not found so, they must be cleaned or altered till the founder is satisfied with them. All models require the greatest accuracy in their making, or it will be vain to suppose any thing good can be performed by the founder. When the models are found to be in a state to be founded, one half, generally longitudinally, is taken first, and this is applied on the mould, and pressed down into the tewed stuff or sand, so as to leave its form completely indented in it: this must be very carefully looked to, to see that there are no small holes; as every part in the indented sana must be a perfect cameo of the models submitted and pressed into it. If it should not be found perfect, new sand must be added, and the model re-indented and pressed, till it leaves its impression in a state proper to receive the metal. In the same manner, other models intended to be founded on the same table, must be prepared and indented into the sand. When the table is completely ready for the metal, it is carried to the melter, who himself examines its state, and also the cameos, and who lays along the middle of the mould the half of a small wire of brass, which he presses into the sand, so as to form a sinall channel for the melted brass to flow in, and which he terms the master-jet or canal. It is so disposed as to meet the ledge on one side, and far enough to reach the last pattern on the other; from this are made several less jets or branches, extending themselves to each pattern on the table, and by which means the fluid metal is conveyed to all the different indented impressions required to be cast on the table. When the work is so far forwarded, it is deemed ready for the foundry; previously to which, however, the whole is sprinkled over with mill-dust, and when it is so sprinkled, the table is placed in an oven of moderate temperature till it gets dry, or in a state which is deemed proper to receive the melted brass. The first table being thus far completed, it is either turned upside down and the moulds or patterns taken out, or the moulder begins to prepare another table exactly similar to the one he has just completed, in which he indents and presses the other half of the mould, or he turns the table already finished and containing the first half of the patterns upside down; previously, however, to doing which, it will be necessary for him to loosen the pattern which is fixed in the sand a little all round, with any small instrument that will just open away the sand from its edges, in order to its coming from out of the table more easily. This economy in founding, of making one-half of each pattern to be cast answer the purpose of the whole pattern, is a very common practice in brass founding, and enables the manufacturer to sell his goods at a much cheaper rate than he would otherwise be enabled to do, if he were obliged to have a full pattern of all goods to be founded. When he has loosened the sand from about the pattern, and taken it out of the first table, the work is proceeded in, of preparing the counterpart or other half of the mould with the same pattern, or otherwise, and in a frame exactly corresponding with the former, excepting only that it is prepared with small pins, to enter holes which are made in the first half of the model, and into which the pins enter, and secure the two halves together. It is obvious, that the accuracy in the joining will depend wholly upon the neatness and truth of fixing and boring for the pins. When the table containing the counterpart is finished, the patterns are all properly indented in the sand, which is done as has been before described for the first table, and when completed, it is carried away to the melter, who, after enlarging the principal jet of the counterpart, and making the cross jets to the various patterns, sprinkles them as before with milldust: it is then set in the oven till it has received a sufficient drying to be ready for the melted metal; after which, and when both parts of the model are deemed sufficiently dry, they are joined together by means of the pins and holes, previously prepared in the upper and under model and to prevent their rising up or slipping aside by the force of the melted brass, which is to come in flaming with heat, and through a small hole contrived in the principal or master-jet, the precaution is taken of locking the two tables down in a kind of press made with screws; or, if the mould be too large to admit of being screwed easily, wedges are had recourse to, to fix the tables together, to prevent accidents. The moulds thus fixed in the press, or wedged, are placed near the furnace, and every arrangement is made for it to receive the melted brass as it comes out of the crucible. All being so far arranged, and the moulds ready, the metal is prepared, by being heated to a complete fusion in an earthen crucible, commonly about ten inches high and four inches in diameter. The furnace for promoting the fusion of the brass is similar to a smith's forge, having bellows of large dimensions operated upon by a lever, and a chimney over the furnace. The hearth is of masonry or brick-work, secured by an outer rim of iron, in the centre of which is the fire-place, and which consists in making a voiu or cavity, from twelve to eighteen inches square, and reaching quite down to the bottom or floor of the foundry. The void or cavity is divided into two parts by an iron grating, on the upper side of which is placed the fuel, and in the midst of it the crucible containing the metal; the lower part of the cavity is appropriated to admit the air to the fire, and also to receive the waste or cinders falling from the fire. The fuel consists of dry beechen wood cut into small billets, and previously baked, to make them more readily combustible, and which are, when a fire is required, put into the cavity in the hearth, and well lighted. The crucible, when full of brass, should be placed down in the centre of the fire, so that it may play all round it, and it should be covered with an earthen cover, or tile, to promote the heat of the fire upon the metal. All the time the metal is preparing, the attendant keeps blowing up the fire; and in order to keep the heat from escaping through the chimney, or in flame, a piece of tile is placed over the fire and aperture of the furnace. As the heat operates in melting the metal, it sinks nearer to the bottom of the crucible, when fresh metal is added till the crucible is quite full. The brass is previously prepared for melting, by being broken into small fragments in a mortar, and, when sufficiently beaten and broken for use, it is put into the crucible by an iron ladle, which has a long hollow arm or shank of small diameter, but sufficiently large to admit the fragments of metal rolling through it into the cru cible, into which the fresh brass is dropped from out of the cylindrical arm of the iron ladle. As the crucible is filled with metal, preparation must be made, when it is deemed ready to be removed for the purpose of running it into the moulds, to remove it easily from out of the fire, which is done by a pair of iron tongs with their feet bent inwards. The crucible is taken beld of by these tongs, and carried away to the mould, into which the melted brass is poured, through the aperture communicating to the ma ter-jet of each mould; the metal is carrel round to each jet, and poured in till the cru cible is emptied, or the moulds filled. It is usual to fuse rather more brass than is required for the casting; as, by having too little, the word could not be at that time finished, which work occasion delays in opening the tables. As soo as the moulds are run, water is sprinkled ove the tables, to cool and fix the metal; after which the presses or wedges are removed from the frames, and the works just founded are removes out of the sand, to be cleaned and finished for sale. The tewing-stuff or sand is afterwards taken out of the frames to be worked up ag for another casting. The sand, by a repetition of use, becomes quite black, by reason of the charcoal that it collects from the foundry; t its blackness does not render it unfit to b employed in other tables for moulding or casting. In foundings of brass in which the models an large, an expedient is had recourse to, of redering them lighter and more economical, by performing the casting hollow. This is done by making a core or heart, roughly resembling the pattern, and composed of clay and white cru ble dust well kneaded and mixed together with water, and which is covered with wax, exacty representing the article to be cast; or the or may be suspended in the centre of the indert made in the sand. When the article is required to have but one perfect side, as is common a most cabinet articles, the melted metal, in suc a case, is prevented from filling the indent by the space occupied by the core, and it will be in thickness corresponding to the size which the heart or core takes up, in proportion to the s of the work to be founded. In the former case when the article is to have both or all round a full pattern, wax is employed, and is so adjusted to the core, that the metal may, in passing the jet, displace it, and leave its resemblance, and also its thickness, of brass, in the indent in the table. If it be a pattern of a complicated form, there would arise a difficulty in getting the core out after it was founded. The pattern mast then be performed or moulded in two separate ones, and also the foundings; the part left o of the first pattern must be performed in a se cond; and afterwards fitted and soldered to be first. This mode is common at Birmingham, in making handles for locks, and shutter fastening, which are commonly round. The plain kno for locks, &c., are made in halves and solder together: the wrought ones, (as they are cale from being ornamented) are cast with a sold shank and spindle, and the bell or handle pat of the knob is hollow, and open at its oppos |