fourth of an inch at the bottom; and the head is made hollow, in the form of a bowl. The composition for fuses is saltpetre three parts, sulphur one, and mealed powder three, four, and sometimes five. This composition is driven in with an iron driver (whose ends are capped with copper, to prevent the composition from taking fire), and pressed as hard as possible; the last shovel-full being all mealed powder, and two stands of quickmatch laid across each other being driven in with it, the ends of which are folded up into the hollow top, and a cap of parchment tied over it till it be used. When these fuses, are driven into the loaded shell, the lower end is cut off in a slope, so that the composition may inflame the powder in the shell. The fuse must

1. Fusible below a red heat.

have such a length as to continue burning all the time the shell is in its range, and to set fire to the powder as soon as it touches the ground, which instantly bursts into many pieces When the distance of the battery from the object is known, the time of the shell's flight may be computed to a second or two; which being known, the fuse may be cut accordingly, by burning two or three, and making use of a watch, or a string by way of a pendulum, to vibrate seconds.

The FUSIBILITY of metals is very various, but the following table is given of their respective powers of resisting heat, as given by M. Thenard :

20°

Kennedy.

FU'SIL, n. s. FUSILIER, n. s.

Fr. fusil. A firelock; the same kind of musket which

is sometimes called a Fusee. The fusilier is a soldier armed with such a musket. Fusil is also a term in heraldry, from Lat. fusus, and the figure it designates is something like a spindle.

Fusils must be made long, and small in the middle, in the ancient coat of Montague, argent three fusils in fesse gules. Peacham.

FUSIL, in heraldry, a bearing of a rhomboidal figure, longer than the lozenge, and having its upper and lower angles more acute and sharp than the other two in the middle. It is called in Latin fusus, a spindle, from its shape. See diagram fig. 1. Argent a fusil, azure; name Hoby. When the shield is covered with fusils it is called fusilly: fig. 2. Argent, fusilly gules; name Toyers.

FUST, n. s. & v. n.

FUSTIAN, n. s.
FUSTY, adj.

FUSTINESS, n. s.

Fr. fuste, the trunk or body of a column: also a cask. Its second sense, therefore, is a strong smell, as that of a mouldy barrel. The verb signifies to grow mouldy or to smell ill; while the second noun and the adjective, though derived from the same root fuste, a tree, signify a kind of cloth made of cotton, because cotton grows on trees. They are further applied to a high swelling kind of writing made up of heterogeneous parts, or of words and ideas ill-associated : bombast. Swelling unnaturally pompous; ridiculously tumid; used of styles. But for to tellen you of his araie,— His hors was good, but he ne wos not gaie. Of fustian he wered a gipon Alle besmotred with his habergeon, For he was late ycome, fro his viage, And wente for to don his pilgrimage.

Chaucer. Prologue to the Cant. Tales. Hector shall have a great catch, if he knock out either of your brains: he were as good crack a fusty nut with no kernel. Shakspeare. The fusty plebeians hate thine honours. Id. The large Achilles, at this fusty stuff, From his deep chest laughs out a loud applause.

Fustian is thoughts and words ill sorted, and without the least relation to each other.

Chance thoughts, when governed by the close, Oft rise to fustian, or descend to prose.

Id.

Smith.

FUST, FAUSTUS, or FAUST. See FAUST. FUSTIAN, in commerce, is a kind of cotton stuff. Fustians should be altogether made of cotton yarn, both woof and warp; but many pieces are made, the warp of which is flax, or even hemp. Fustians are made of various kinds, wide, narrow, fine, coarse; with shag or nap, and without it.

FU'STIC, n. s. A sort of wood brought from the West Indies, used in dyeing of cloth. To FU'STIGATE, v. a. Lat. fustigo. To

beat with a stick; to cane.

FUSTIGATIO, in the Roman customs, a punishment inflicted by beating with a staff. This punishment was peculiar to freemen; the slaves were scourged with whips.

FUSTILA'RIAN, n.s. From fusty. A low fellow; a stinkard; a scoundrel. A word used by Shakspeare only.

Away, you scullion, you rampallion, you fustilarian : I'll tickle your catastrophe. Shakspeare.

This fable does not strike so much at the futility of woman, as at the incontinent levity of a prying ba

mour.

L'Estrange. Trifling futility appears in their signs of the 28diack, and their mutual relations and aspects. Bentley.

Το pursue trifles is the lot of humanity; and whe ther we bustle in a pantomime, or strut at a coronation; whether we shout at a bonfire, or harangue in a senate-house; whatever object we follow, it will at last surely conduct us to futility and disappointment. Goldsmith.

FUTTEHABAD, a town of Hindostan, in the province of Dehly and district of Hissar.-Futteh signifying victory, wherever a battle was at one time gained by the imperial arms, the name of the nearest place was changed to the town of victory; hence towns of Hindostan beginning in this way

are numerous.

FUTTIPOOR, a town in the province of Agra, enclosed by a stone wall of great extent, built by the emperor Acber. The site within does not appear ever to have been filled with buildings, and the part now inhabited is inconsi derable. The neighbouring hills composed of a grayish stone, have supplied the materials of which the town is built. On the most elevated part stands the tomb of Shah Selim Cheestee, by the efficacy of whose devotion the empress of Acber, after remaining several years barren, became pregnant it is said and bore a son, who in honor of the saint, was named Selim; and, on ascending the throne of Hindostan, took the name of Jchangeer. Futtipoor is twenty-five miles W.S. W. from the city of Agra, Hindostan.

FUTTOCKS, n. s. Corrupted from foot hooks. Skinner. The lower timbers that hold the ship together.

Fr. futur; Latin futurus. To come;

Sthat which will be

hereafter. Time to

FUTURE, adj. & n.s.~ FU'TURELY, adv. FUTURITION, n. s. FUTURITY, n. s. come; something to happen hereafter. Futurition is the state of being to be; the condition time chiefly; if not exclusively as distinct from of being to come hereafter. Futurity applies to circumstances and events that may occur, yet it belongs to eternity, and like that it never is,

ever is to be.

That, but aforne her, she maie se In the future, some smale socoure, To leggen her of her doloure.

but

Chaucer. Romaunt of the Rose. Not my service past, nor present sorrows, Nor purposed merit in futurity,

Can ransom me.

Shakspeare. Othello.

swallow those distasteful pills, suffer our joynts to be seared, to be cut off, any thing for future health; so sweet, so dear, so precious above all things in this world is life. Burton. Anat. Mel. Glory they sung to the most High good will To future men, and in their dwellings peace. Milton. It may be well reckoned the bare possibiliamong ties, which never commence into a futurity; it requiring such a free, sedate, and intent mind, as, it may be, is no where found but among the Platonical ideas.

Glanville's Scepsis.

Addison's Ovid. This, great Amphiarus, lay hid from thee, Thou skilled in fate and dark futurity.

Pope.

I will contrive some way to make it known to fu-
Swift.

turity, that I had your lordship for a patron.
-in the dust

The fair-haired Daughter of the isles is laid,
The love of millions! How did we entrust
Futurity to her! and though it must
Darken above our bones, yet fondly deemed
Our children should obey her child, and blessed
Her and her hoped-for seed, whose promise seemed
Like stars to shepherd's eyes :-'twas but a meteor

beamed. Byron. Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. FUTURE, OF FUTURE TENSE, in grammar, signifies an inflexion of verbs, whereby they denote, that a thing will be in some time yet to come. See GRAMMAR.

FUZZ, v. n. Swed. fisa; Fr. vesser FUZZ BALL, n. s. 3 probably of Gr. proaw. To fly out in small particles: a kind of fungus which, when pressed, bursts and scatters dust in the eyes. FY, interj. Fr. and Flem. fy; Gr. pĕv; Lat. vah. A word of blame and disapprobation. What aileth you to grone in this manere? Ye ten a very sleper, fy for shame.

Chaucer. The Nonnes Preestes Tale.
Of thilke wicked ensample of Canace,
That loved hire owen brother sinfully,
Of all swiche cursed stories I say fy.

Id. Prologue to the Man of Laves Tale.
And fy on fortune, mine avowed foe,
Whose wrathful wreaks themselves do now allay.

Spenser.

Fy, my lord, fy! a soldier, and afraid? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account? Shakspeare.

A bawd, sir, fy upon him! Id. But fy, my wandering muse, how thou do'st stray! Expectance calls thee now another way. Milton. Nay, fy, what mean you in this open place? Unhand me, or, I swear, I'll scratch your face: Let go, for shame; you make me mad for spite : My mouth's my own; and if you kiss, I'll bite.

Fy, madam, he cried, we must be past all these gaieties. Tatler. FYAL or FAYAL, one of the Azores. See FAYAL.

FYERS, or FOYERS, a river of Invernesshire, which descending from the south through the vale of Fyers, and forming a stupendous water-fall, flows into Loch Ness, ten miles north-east of Fort Augustus. Dr. Garnett gives the following description of the falls of Foyers. Having left our horses at General's Hut, we were conducted by our landlord to the falls. We first visited the upper one, which is about a mile and a half from the house, and nearly half a mile above the lower fall. Here the river Foyers, being confined on each side by steep rocks, precipitates itself with great velocity, forming a very fine cataract. A little below the fall a bridge has been thrown over by the proprietor, Frazer of Foyers, from which the fall is seen; but, in order to obtain a proper view of it, we, with some difficulty, scrambled down the steep banks of the rocks below, from whence we beheld this romantic scene in perfection. The bridge and rocks formed a fine frame or fore-ground, behind which, at the distance of perhaps twenty yards, appeared the first part of the fall; the second and most important break was a few yards nearer, and the lowest almost under the arch. Our guide was present when very accurate measurements were taken of these falls. The following particulars are therefore put down from his information :

The bridge was built about twelve years ago;' says the Dr. in 1798; before which time the only passage over this torrent was a rude alpine bridge, consisting of some sticks thrown over the rocks, and covered with turf. It was crossed by the peasantry on foot, but must certainly have turned giddy the steadiest head unaccustomed to such scenes. About three years before the present bridge was built, a neighbouring farmer, on his way home from Inverness, had called at the General's Hut, to shelter himself from the inclemency of the storm, and drive out the invading cold by reinforcing the garrison in the stomach. Here he met with some old acquaintance, with whom he conversed of former times, without observing the frequency of the circulating glass. The snow continued to fall in thick flakes, and they were sitting by a comfortable fire. At last, when the fumes of the whisky had taken possession of his brain, and raised his spirits to no ordinary pitch, he determined to go home. When he came to this place, having been accustomed to cross the bridge on foot, he habitually took the road, and forced his horse over it. Next morning he had some faint recollection of the circumstance, though the seeming impossibility of the thing made him suspect that it was a' dream; but, as the ground was covered with snow, it was easy to convince himself: he accordingly went, and when he perceived the tracks of his horse's feet along the bridge, he fell ill, and died shortly af 2 Z

terwards.--In our way to the lower fall, our guide showed a cave of considerable size, near the river, where the freebooters used to shelter themselves in turbulent times. There was a way of escape towards the water, should the main entry be discovered. Our next object was the lower fall. When we came to the rude pillars, before-mentioned, we left the road, and went down the side of the hill. The descent to the point of view is difficult, but we were amply repaid for our trouble.' The following beautiful description of this fall was written by Burns as he was standing by it:

Among the heathy hills and ragged woods,
The roaring Fyers pours his mossy floods;
Till full he dashes on the rocky mounds,
Where thro' a shapeless beach his stream resounds.
As high in air the bursting torrents flow,
As deep recoiling surges foam below,
Prone down the rock the whitening sheet descends,
And viewless echo's ear, astonished rends,
Dim-seen, thro' rising mists and careless showers,
The hoary cavern, wide surrounding, lowers.
Still thro' the gap the struggling river toils,
And still, below, the horrid caldron boils.

FYNE, LOCH, a large inlet of the sea in Argyleshire, about thirty-two miles in length, and from twelve to three, or at an average, four or five in breadth. It receives and returns a tide on

each side of the isle of Arran, which is directly opposite to its entrance. Its coasts, which are in general flat and sandy, are adorned with many elegant seats, and beautifully indented with bays. For time immemorial it has been noted for its herring fishery.

FYZABAD (the City of Abundance), also called Bungala, is situated in the Dewah province of Oude, Hindostan, and is said to owe its origin to the nabob Sufder Jung having, about the year 1740, erected some temporary houses in a garden near this place. His son Shuja Addowleh, after the battle of Buxar, removed his residence hither, and gave orders for erecting a palace and other buildings. The court following his example, the city rose in a few years; but as the greater num ber of the houses were slightly built, and had only tiled roofs, many of them fell to decay soon after the nabob Assup Addowleh had transferred the capital to Lucknow. This is, however, still a considerable city, and was the constant residence of the mother and grandmother of the last-mentioned nabob. It contains some handsome tombs belonging to the reigning family: and its gardens are celebrated. The palace of Shuja Addowle is said to have contained 1000 women at the time of his death, and fifty of his children. Being asked at one time how many he had of the latter, he was obliged to refer to a confidential servant before he could give an answer.

G is the seventh letter and the fifth consonant of our alphabet. In the alphabets of all the oriental languages, the Hebrew, Phenician, Chaldee, Syriac, Samaritan, Arabic, and even the Greek, it is the third letter. The Hebrews call it ghimel or gimel, i. e. camel, because it resembles the neck of that animal; and it bears the same appellation in the Samaritan, Phenician, Chaldee: in the Syriac it is called gamel, in Arabic gum, and in Greek gamma. The gamma (r) of the Greeks is evidently the gimel (a) of the Hebrews or Samaritans. The chief difference between the gamma and gimel consists in this, that the one is turned to the right, and the other to the left, according to the different manners of writing and reading which obtained among those nations; though Salmasius, on Solinus, attempted to prove that the G was derived from the Greek kappa. It is clear that the Latins borrowed their form of this letter from the Greeks; the Latin G being only a variation of the Greek gamma, I; as might easily be proved by an examination of the forms of this letter, which may be met with in the Greek and Latin MSS. through which it has passed from r to G. Diomed, lib. ii. cap. De Litera, calls G a new letter. His reason is, that the Romans had not introduced it before the first Punic war: as appears from the rostral column erected by C. Duilius, on which we every where find a C instead of G. It was Sp. Carvilius who first distinguished between these two letters, and in

vented the figure of the G; as we are assured by Terentius Scaurus. The C served very well for G; it being the third letter of the Latin alphabet, as the ror y was of the Greek. The G is found instead of C on several medals: and M. Beger produces a medal of the Familia Ogulnia, where Gar is read instead of Car, which is on those of M. Patin. But the C is more frequently seen cr medals instead of G; as Aucustalis Callafen Cartacinensis, &c. for Augustalis, &c. Not that the pronunciation of those words was altered, but only that the G was ignorantly or negl gently cut by the workmen as is the case divers inscriptions of the eastern empire; where auc, auce, auccc, are often found for aug, &c. The northern nations frequently changed the G into V or W; as in Gallus, Wallus; Gallia, Wallia, Vallia, &c. the French change the W of the northern nations, and the V consonant, into G; as, Willielmes, William, into Guillaume; Wub philas into Gulphilas; Vasco into Gascon, &c. The modern G takes its form from that of the Latins. It is a mute, and cannot be sounded at all without the help of a vowel. Its hard sourd is formed by the reflexion of the air against the palate, made by the tongue as the air passes out of the throat; which Martianus expresses thus, G spiritus cum palato. G often sounds hard before i, as give, &c., and sometimes before <, as get, &c. It is also hard in derivatives from words ending in gas singing, stronger, &c., and generally before er, at the end of words, as