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GAD, 1, i. e. a troop, one of the twelve patriarchs, the son of Jacob of Zilpah, and progenitor of the tribe of the Gadites.

GAD, in ancient geography, a district of Transjordan Palestine, situated between Gilead and the kingdom of Bashan on the north, and that of the Amorites to the south, having the Jordan to the west, and bounded by various nations on the east, so called from the tribe of that name.

GAD, a prophet who attended David during his persecution by Saul, and gave him various admonitions afterwards. He wrote a history of David's life, which is lost.

the ore.

GAD, among miners, a small punch of iron, with a long wooden handle, used to break up One of the miners holds this in his hand, directing the point to a proper place, while the other drives it into the vein, by striking it with a sledge hammer.

GADAMIS, a town and territory of Northern Africa, forming a species of oasis in the great desert of Sahara. It is situated north-west from Fezzan, and south-west of Tripoli, and in the road between these countries and Tombuctoo: but the caravan that passes rarely consists of more than 150 camels. It passes through Tuat or Souat, another oasis to the south-west. This territory is said to contain ninety-two vilட் lages, and many Roman ruins. 300 miles southwest of Tripoli.

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GADARENORUM AGER, in ancient geography, the country of the Gadarenes, called by Matthew the country of the Gergesenes; a district that lay between Gadara and Gergesa, otherwise called Gerosa, both which lay within the Decapolis on the other side Jordan.

GADBURY (John), a noted professor of the wonderful revelations of astrology. He was a native of Oxfordshire, and bred a sailor; then he was the pupil and assistant of the famous Lilly. Being a Catholic, and on account of some ominous remarks in his Almanacks, he was arrested during the commotions excited by the so-called Popish plots in Charles II. reign: but liberated; and died, it is said, by shipwreck on a voyage to Jamaica: but the dates neither of his life or death appear. He published A Discourse of the Nature and Effects of Comets, Philosophically, Historically, and Astrologically considered, 1665: and Partridge, a professor of this art, gave the world in 1693, The Black Life of John Gadbury.

GADEBUSCH, a town of MecklenburghSchwerin, on the Radegast, where the Swedes defeated the Danes and Saxons, on the 20th of December, 1712. Inhabitants 1500. It is fifteen miles south-west of Wismar, and sixteen W.N.W. of Schwerin.

GADES, or GADIRA, in ancient geography, a small island in the Atlantic, on the panish coast, twenty-five miles from the Pillars of Hercules. It was sometimes called Tartessus, and

GADIACZ, a town in the government of Pultava, Russia, containing 2300 inhabitants. 150 miles south-east of Czernigow.

GADOU, a country of Western Africa, having Brooko Fooladoo to the north, Konkodoo to the east, and Jallonhadoo to the south. It is crossed by streams, which descend from the mountains of Manding, and form the Senegal. The tract is mountainous, containing mines of gold, iron, and saltpetre.

GADUS, in ichthyology, a genus of fishes belonging to the order of jugulares. The head is smooth; there are seven cylindrical rays in the branchiostege membrane; the body is oblong, with deciduous scales; the whole fins are covered with the common skin of fish; the rays of the back fins are blunt, and those of the breast are sharp. There are twenty-three species, principally distinguished by their cirri, and the number of back fins. The most remarkable are these:

G. barbatus, the pout, never growing to a large size, and seldom exceeding a foot in length. It is distinguished from all others by its great depth; one of the size above mentioned being nearly four inches deep in the broadest part. The back is very much arched, and cafinated; the color of the fins and tail is black; at the bottom of the pectoral fins is a black spot. The lateral line is white, broad, and crooked. The tail is even at the end, and of a dusky color. The color of the body is white; but more obscure on the back than the belly, and tinged with y llow. It is called at Scarborough a kleg, and is a very delicate fish.

G. carbonarius, the coal fish, is of a more elegant form than the cod, growing to the length of two feet and a half, and weighing about twenty-eight or thirty pounds at most. The head is small; the under jaw a little longer than the upper: the tail is broad and forked. They vary in color: some have their back, nose, dorsal fins, and tail, of a deep black; the gill-covers silver and black, the ventral and anal fins, and the belly, white: others are dusky, others brown; but, in all, the lateral line is straight and white, and the lower parts, or the ventral and anal fins, white. This species takes its name from the black color that it sometimes assumes. Belon calls it the colfisch, imagining that it was so named by the English, from its producing the ichth ocolla: but Gesner gives the true etymo

logy

These fishes are common on most of our rocky and deep coasts, but particularly those of the north of Scotland. They swarm about the Orkneys, where the fry are the greatest support of the poor. The young begin to appear on the Yorkshire coast in the beginning of July, in vast shoals, and are then about an inch and a half long. In August they are from three to five inches, and are taken in great numbers with the angling rod; they are esteemed very delicate; but grow so coarse, when a year old, that few people eat them. Fish of that age are from eight to fifteen inches long, and begin to have a little blackness near the gills and on the back; this blackness increases as they grow older. The fry is known by different names in different places: they are called at Scarborough parrs; and, when a year old, billets. About twenty years ago such a quantity of parrs visited that part, that for several weeks it was impossible to dip a pail into the sea without taking some. Though this fish is so little esteemed when fresh, it is salted and dried for sale.

G. eglesinus, the haddock, has a long body; the upper part of a dusky brown color, and the belly and lower part of the sides silvery: on the back are three fins, resembling those of the comnon cod fish; the lateral line is black; and the ail is forked: the head slopes down to the nose; on the chin is a short beard; and on each side beyond the gills is a large black spot. Superstition assigns this mark to the impression St. Peter left with his finger and thumb when he took the piece of silver out of the mouth of a fish of this species, which has been continued to the whole race of haddocks ever since that miracle. Large haddocks begin to be in roe in the muddle of November, and continue so till the end of January; from that time till May they are very thin-tailed, and out of season. In May they begin to recover; and the middling-sized fish are then very good, and continue improving till the time of their perfection. The small ones are extremely good from May till February, and some even in February, March, and April, viz. those which are not old enough to breed. The fishermen assert, that in rough weather haddocks sink down into the sand and ooze in the bottom of the sea, where they shelter themselves till the storm is over; for in stormy weather they take none, and those that are taken immediately after a storm have mud on their backs. In summer they live on young herrings and other small fish; in winter on the stone-coated worms, a species of serpula, which the fishermen call haddockThe grand shoal of haddocks comes periodically on the Yorkshire coast. It is remarkable that they appeared in 1766 on the 10th of December, and exactly on the same day in 1767: these shoals extended from the shore nearly three miles in breadth, and in length from Flamborough Head to Tinmouth Castle, and perhaps much farther northwards. An idea may be given of their numbers by the following fact: three fishermen, within the distance of a mile from Scarborough harbour, frequently loaded their oats with them twice a-day, taking each time about a ton of fish; when they put down their

meat.

es beyond the distance of three miles from

the shore, they caught nothing but dog fish, which shows how exactly these fish keep their limits. The best haddocks were sold at from 8d. to 1s. per score, and the smaller sort at 1d. and even d. per score. The large haddocks quit the coast as soon as they go out of season, and leave behind great plenty of small ones. It is said that they visit the coasts of Hamburgh and Jutland in summer. It is no less remarkable than providential, that all kinds of fish (except mackerel) which frequent the Yorkshire coast, approach the shore, and, as it were, offer themselves to us, generally remaining there as long as they are in high season, and retire from us when they become unfit for use. They do not grow to a great bulk, one of fourteen pounds being an uncommon size, but these are extremely coarse; the best weighing only from two to three pounds.

G. lota, the burbot, in its body has some resemblance to an eel, only shorter and thicker; and its motions also resemble those of that fish: it is besides very smooth, slippery, and slimy. The head is very ugly, being flat, and shaped like that of a toad: the teeth are very small, but numerous. On the end of the nose are two smail beads; on the chin another. The color varies : some are dusky, others are of a dirty green, spotted with black, and oftentimes with yellow; and the belly in some is white; but the real colors are frequently concealed by the slime. This species abounds in the lake of Geneva, and is also met with in the lakes Maggiore and Lugano. In Britain it is found in the Trent; but in greater plenty in the Witham, and the great east fen in Lincolnshire. It is a very delicate fish for the table, though of a disgusting appearance when alive. It is very voracious, and preys on the fry and smaller fish. It does not often take bait, but is generally caught in weels. The largest taken in our waters weigh between two and three pounds, but abroad they are sometimes found of double that weight.

G. merlangus, the whiting, is a fish of an elegant make the upper jaw is the longest; the eyes are large, the nose is sharp: the teeth of the upper jaw are long, and appear above the lower when closed. The color of the head and back is a pale brown; the lateral line white, and crooked; the belly and sides are silvery, the last streaked lengthwise with yellow. These fish appear in vast shoals in spring, keeping at the distance of about half a mile to that of three miles from the shore. They are caught in vast numbers by the line, and afford excellent diversion. They are the most delicate, as well as the most wholesome, of any of the genus: but they do not grow to a large size, the biggest not exceeding twenty inches; and even that is very uncommon, the usual length being ten or twelve; though, it is said, that whitings from four to eight pounds in weight have been taken in the deep water at the edge of the Dogger Bank.

G. meriucius, the lake, is found in vast abundance on many of our coasts, and those of Ireland. There was formerly a stationary fishery of hake on the Nymph bank off Waterford, immense quantities appearing there twice a-year; the first shoal coming in June, during the mack

erel season; the other in September, at the begianing of the herring season, probably in pursuit of those fish. The hake is in England esteemed a very coarse fish, and is seldom admitted to table either fresh or salted. When cured it is known by the name of Poor John. These fish are from one and a half to nearly three feet; they are of a slender make, of a pale ash color on their backs, and of a dirty white on their bellies.

G. minutus, the poor, is the smallest species yet discovered, being little more than six inches long. On the chin is a small beard; the eyes are covered with a loose membrane; on each side of the gill-covers and jaws there are nine punctures. The color on the back is a light brown; on the belly a dirty white. It is taken near Marseilles, and sometimes in such quantities as to become a nuisance; for no other kinds of fish are taken during their season. It is esteemed good, but incapable of being salted or dried. Belon says, that when it is dried in the sun, it grows as hard as horn.

G. molva, the ling, is usually from three to four feet long, but have been caught seven feet long. The body is very slender; the head flat: the upper jaw is longest; the teeth in that jaw are small and very numerous; in the lower, few, slender, and sharp: on the chin is a small beard. They vary in color, some being of an olive hue on the sides and back, others cinereous; the belly white. The ventral fins are white: the dorsal and anal edged with white. The tail is marked near the end with a transverse black bar, and tipped with white. Its English name ling is derived from its length, being a corruption of long. It abounds about the Scilly Isles, on the coasts of Scarborough, Scotland, and Ireland, and forms a great branch of trade. It was considerable, so long ago as the reign of Edward III. an act for regulating the price of lob, ling, and cod, being made in the thirty-first year. In the Yorkshire fens they are in perfection from the Leginning of February to that of May, and some to the end of it. In June they spawn, deposit ing their eggs in the soft oozy ground of the mouth of the Tees. At that time the males separate from the females, and resort to some rocky ground near Flamborough Head, where the fishermen take great numbers without ever finding any of the female fish among them. While a ling is in season its liver is very white, and abounds with a fine flavored oil; but as soon as it goes out of season, the liver becomes as red as that of a bullock, and affords no oil. The same happens to the cod and other fish in a certain degree, but not so remarkably as in the ling. When in perfection, a very large quantity of oil may be melted out of the liver by a slow fire; but if a violent sudden heat be used for that purpose, they yield very little. Vast quantities of ling are salted for exportation as well as for home consumption. To be split, or cut for curing, it must measure twenty-six inches or upwards from the shoulder to the tail; if less than that, it is not reckoned a sizeable fish, and consequently not entitled to the bounty on exportation; such are called drizzles, and are in season all summer.

G. morhua, the common cod, is cinereous on the back and sides, and commonly spotted with

yellow: the belly is white; but they vary much, both in color and shape, particularly that of the head. The side line is wide, broad, and straight till opposite the vent, when it bends towards the tail. Codlings are often taken of a yellow, orange, and even red color, while they remain among the rocks; but on changing their place assume the color of other codfish. The jaws are of an equal length, and at the end of the lower is a small beard; the teeth are disposed in the palate as well as in the jaws. The cod is found only in the northern seas; being, as Rondeletius calls it, an ocean fish, and never met with in the Mediterranean Sea. It affects cold climates and seems confined between the latitudes 66° and 50°; those caught north and south of these degrees being either bad, or in small numbers. The Greenland cod are small, and emaciated; being very voracious, and suffering in those seas a scarcity of provision. Most other species of this genus inhabit the cold seas, or such as lie within regions that can just claim the title of temperate. There is nevertheless a species found near the Canary Islands, called cherny, which are said to be better than the Newfoundland kind. The great rendezvous of the cod fish is on the banks of Newfoundland, and the other sand-banks off the coasts of Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, and New England. See our article FISHERIES.

G. mustela, the five-bearded cod, very much resembles the lota. The beards on the upper jaw are four, viz. two at the very end of the nose, and two a little above them: on the end of the lower jaw is a single one. The fish are of a deep olive brown, their belly whitish. They grow to the same size as the lota.

G. pollachius, the pollack, has the under jaw longer than the upper; the head and body rise pretty high, as far as the first dorsal fin. The side line is incurvated, rising towards the middle of the back, then sinking and running straight to the tail; it is broad and of a brown color. The color of the back is dusky, sometimes inclining to green: the sides beneath the lateral line are marked with lines of yellow; and the belly is white. This species is common on many of our rocky coasts: during summer they are seen in great shoals frolicking on the surface of the water, and flinging themselves into a thousand forms. They will then bite at any thing that appears on the top of the waves, and are often taken with a goose feather fixed to the hook. They are very strong, being observed to keep their station at the feet of the rocks in the most turbulent and rapid sea. They do not grow to a very large size; the biggest seldom exceed six or seven pounds, but some have been taken near Scarborough, during winter, that weighed nearly twenty-eight pounds. They are there called leets.

G. toricius, the torsk, tusk, or brismack, is a northern fish; and as yet not discovered lower than about the Orkneys, and even there it is rather scarce. In the seas about Shetland, it swarms, and forms (barrelled or dried) a considerable article of commerce. The length is about twenty inches, the greatest depth four and a half; the head is small; the upper jaw a little longer than the lower; both jaws furnished with

many small teeth; on the chin is a small single beard: from the bead to the dorsal fin is a deep furrow. The color of the head is dusky: the back and sides yellow; belly white; edges of the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins, white, the other parts dusky; the pectoral fins brown.

GAELIC LANGUAGE, the language of the ancient and modern Highlanders of Scotland. See HIGHLANDERS It is esteemed the most ancient as well as the purest dialect of the Celtic, now spoken. It has all the marks of an original language. Most of its words are expressive of some property or quality in the objects which they denote. This, with the variety of its sounds (many of which, especially those that express the soft and mournful passions, are peculiar to it), renders it highly adapted for poetry. It was the language of the Scottish court, till the reign of Malcolm Canmore, and was even spoken so late as that of Robert Bruce, particularly in a parliament held by him at Ardchattan. Its alphabet consists of eighteen letters, of which five are vowels. Those who understand it,' says Dr. James Robertson, of Callander, know its energy and power; the ease with which it is compounded; the boldness of its figures; and its tenderness in expressing the finest feelings of the human heart. But its genius and constitution, the structure of its nouns and verbs, and the affinity it has to some other languages are not so much attended to. These point at a very remote era, and seem to deduce its origin from a very high antiquity. The verbs have only three tenses, which is the simplest and most natural division of time. The persons of each tense are distinguished, by adding pronominal particles to each person. The third person singular of each verb has genders, or admits of a masculine and feminine particle affixed. The moods are the indicative, imperative, and infinitive. The subjunctive differs from the indicative only by the addition of one syllable to the verb, and a conjunction before it. The imperative has only the second person in both numbers. The infinitive is often used as a substantive noun, expressive of the abstract signification of the verb. There is only one conjugation and one declension. The cases of the nouns are marked by different particles, or by a change of the last vowel. The degrees or comparison are formed by placing certain syllables before the adjective; and the superlative frequently by a repetition of the positive.' These and other peculiarities of the Gaelic language are illustrated by Dr. Robertson in Sir J. Sinclair's Statistical Account of Scotland, vol. xi. p. 611–619, to which we refer the reader.

GAERTNER, an eminent naturalist, born at Calu, in Suabia, in 1732. His father was physician to the duke of Wirtemberg, and Joseph, being destined for the church, received his education and studied theology at the University of Tubingen; but, discovering a strong inclination to natural history and mathematics, he changed his profession, and applied to medicine. From Tubingen he removed to Gottingen, where he attended the lectures of Haller. He afterwards travelled through various parts of Europe, and, on his return to his own country, took the degree

of M. D. In 1759 he went to Leyden, where he was particularly attentive to the botanical lectures, and about the same time applied himself to vegetable anatomy; in the prosecution of which he went to England, and gained the friendship of some of the most eminent men of the age. Here he communicated some interesting papers to the Philosophical Transactions, the principal of which is a Memoir on the Fructification and Propagation of Confervæ, &c., and was admitted F.R. S. In 1768 he went to Petersburg, where he was appointed professor of botany and natural history; a place which he filled with the greatest credit, and explored the whole Ukraine for botanical discoveries; but he returned to his native place in 1770. In 1778 he again visited London, for the purpose of making drawings and descriptions of fruits, to illustrate the great work in which he was then engaged, his Carpology, the first volume of which he dedicated to Sir Joseph Banks. He died in 1791, leaving many valuable MSS.

GAETA, a town, promontory, and gulf of Naples, in the Terra di Lavoro. The town lies along the shore, from the centre of the bay to the point of the promontory, and is a bishop's see; it contains a cathedral and nine churches. The cathedral is finely proportioned and well lighted, but not large. Opposite the great portal is an antique column, marked with the names of the winds in Greek and Latin, and the font is a fine antique of white marble, with bas reliefs. The streets are well built, and paved: and the environs extremely picturesque. The tomb of Minutius Plaucus, now a battlemented tower called Torre d'Orlando, stands on a bold eminence in the narrow neck that unites the promontory or peninsula of Gaeta to the continent. Buonaparte conferred the title of duke of Gaeta on Gaudir his finance minister in 1809. Population 15,000. It is forty miles north-west of Naples.

GÆTULI, the people of Gatulia, were among the earliest inhabitants of Africa. They were distinguished by different epithets; as Nigri, Autololæ, Dara, and Baniuræ.-Pliny. They were a rough, unpolished, roving people, living on venison and the spontaneous productions of the earth, and resting in the first places in which night surprised them.

GAFF, n.s. Fr.gaffe, a harpoon, or large GAFFER, n. s. hook; Sax. gerere, compe nion, says Dr. Johnson after Junius: others that it is a corruption of Sax. gowfather, or gefa'der: a word of respect now obsolete, and used only in contempt or ridicule.

For gaffer Treadwell told us by the bye, Excessive sorrow is exceeding dry. Gay's Pastorals, GAFF, a sort of boom or bole, frequently used in small ships, to extend the upper edge of the mizen; and always employed for the same purpose on those sails, whose foremast edges are joined to the mast by hoops, or lacings, and which are usually extended by a boom below. Such are the main sails of all sloops, brigs, and schooners.

GAFFAREL (James), a learned French divine, born at Mannes in Provence, about 1606. He acquired great skill in the oriental languages, and