Aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus. id est, exesa vetustate: et dicendo cava pinus' vere respexit ad aetatem," Serv. Perhaps also there may be a reference to the hollow sound of the fall. Erymantho aut Ida :" "in summo quatientem bracchia Tauro" Catull. 1. c. 449.] We have the pines of Ida 9. 80 foll. "Radicitus exturbata" Catull. 1. c. Rom. and some others, supported by Prisc. p. 1015 P., give 'radicitus' here. "Imis Avolsam solvit radicibus " 8. 237. 450.] They rise from their seats eagerly and rush to the spot. 451.] "It caelo clamor " 11. 192. "Caelo," "ad caelum," as in 2. 186, 688. 453.] Tardatus' may perhaps refer not only to courage but to physical movement, as we hear immediately of Entellus pursuing his antagonist. 454.] Et vim' was read before Heins. "Se suscitat ira" 12. 108, which shows, as does the introduction of ac,' that 'ira' is here abl., not nom. 66 Spes addita suscitat iras" 10. 263. Vim' is violence, 'viris' strength, so that there is no objection to the repetition. Taubm. quotes a Pythagorean saying, "Ira cos fortitudinis." 455.] Tum' is taken by Forb. as 'moreover,' preparing us for the mention of fresh motives. But I am not sure that the ordinary sense is not the more forcible, 'tum' having something of the force of 'tum demum.' Ribbeck makes the line parenthetical. Med. a m. p. has tunc :' see on 4. 408. "Pudor....et conscia virtus" 12. 667, 668. 450 455 460 suggesting 'Nec mora, nec requies.' Apoll. Now 457.] See on 1. 3. Here as in other places where 'ille' may appear pleonastic it has a rhetorical force, fixing attention on the person who is spoken of. with the right hand showering blows, now, he, the same man, with his left.' The force might be given variously in English, 'now as furiously with his left,' now, brave man, with his left.' We feel that that tremendous personality is impressing itself upon Dares. Med. has nunc deinde.' 458.] "Nec mora, nec requies" 12. 553, G. 3. 110. "Nec mora nec requies inter datur ulla fluendi" Lucr. 4. 227. Quam multa' in a comparison, as in G. 4. 473; the apodosis however here does not correspond, as instead of tam multus' we have 'sic,' which is explained by densis ictibus.' With the image comp. G. 1. 449, "Tam multa in tectis crepitans salit horrida grando." 460.] Versat,' hits from side to side, or, as we should say, up and down. See on 6. 571. 461.] Aeneas stops the combat, as Achilles stops the wrestling match II. 23. 734 foll., and the Greeks stop the passage of arms ib. 822. 456.] Virg. seems to have thought of Apoll. v. 74, &s dye Tuvdapídny poßéwv ἕπετ', οὐδέ μιν εἴα Δηθύνειν, the last clause Et saevire animis Entellum haud passus acerbis ; 465 470 463.] Fessum,' spent with or (in colloquial English) sick of fighting, 12. 593. 464.] Mulcens dictis' 1. 197. Virg. probably thought of Il. 23. 682, eapoúvwv Teo, though that is said of Diomed encouraging Euryalus before the fight. 465.] Aeneas' address, as Heyne remarks, is modelled on Poseidon's to Aeneas himself, after he had rescued him from Achilles, Il. 20. 332 foll. "Infelix, quae te dementia cepit ?" E. 6. 47. Tis o' de θεῶν ἀτέοντα κελεύει κ. τ.λ. Ι1. 1. c. 6 466.] Viris alias' has been variously understood, most taking it of Entellus' power, which has been changed, either simply increased, or superseded by divine power, while Peerlkamp understands it of Dares', which has been diminished. The former is supported by an imitation in Val. Fl. 4. 126, "Iam iam aliae vires maioraque sanguine nostro Vincunt fata lovis," where the meaning evidently is strength of a different grade from Amycus'. But for this authority, I should prefer taking the words more generally, making 'alias viris' the human equivalent to 'conversa numina,'-"do you not see that the balance of strength is altered and the powers of heaven have changed sides?" This would certainly answer to the parallel passage in II. 20. 334, ds σeû äμа крelσσwv καὶ φίλτερος ἀθανάτοισιν. The objection to understanding it of a new, i. e. divine power brought on the scene seems to lie in conversaque numina,' as it would be awkward to say that the gods generally turned against Dares when a god helped his antagonist. 467.] Deo' is, I think, to be understood generally of the will of heaven, as in 1. 199., 4. 651, not specially of Eryx helping Entellus or manifesting himself in him. It is not clear whether voce' means by the words just uttered, or by a command given after the address to Dares. The 'que' is perhaps rather in favour of the former, "he spoke, and the contest ceased at once." 468.] The best comment on this and the lines that follow is to be found in the passage which Virg. has copied, Il. 23. 695 foll.: φίλοι δ ̓ ἀμφέσταν ἑταῖροι, οἵ μιν ἄγον δι ̓ ἀγῶνος ἐφελκομένοισι πόλ δεσσιν, αἷμα παχὺ πτύοντα, κάρη βάλλονθ' ἑτέ ρωσε, κὰδ δ ̓ ἀλλοφρονέοντα μετὰ σφίσιν εἶσαν ἄγοντες αὐτοὶ δ ̓ οἰχόμενοι κόμισαν δέπας ἀμφικύπελλον. 470.] 'Eiectantem' (Pal., Gud. first reading &c.) was restored by Heins. for reiectantem' (Gud. second reading &c.), which the metre would hardly admit. Med. has 'oreiectantem,' Rom. ‘oreiactantem,' which shows how the error may have arisen. Mixtoque' was the original reading of Med., 's' being inserted above. Wakef. prefers mixto:' Wagu. thinks it inappropriate. It seems clear that either would do, the meaning being blood and teeth together.' So Virg. might have said ' mixtos (or mixto") sanguine dentes:' but he has chosen to speak of the teeth as mingled with the blood in which they float. 471.] Vocati' can hardly be pressed with Serv., as if it meant that they were too humbled or too busy to come without a summons. Homer's competitors indeed require no invitation, but take the prize the instant the game is over: but Virg.'s sports are conducted with more ceremony (see above vv. 244 foll.), as he doubtless had the Roman routine in his eye. Accipiunt; palmam Entello taurumque relinquunt. 473.] Superans animis,' as we might say, in the excess of his spirits. Comp. 8. 208, "totidem forma superante iuvencas." 474.] Cognoscite' E. 6. 25 note. 475.] Iuvenali' was restored by Heins., after Pierius, for 'iuvenili.' We have had the same variety in 2. 518, where see note. 476.] The line may be restored into "a qua morte revocaveritis et servetis." "Revocare a morte ad vitam occurs Cic. post Red. in Sen. 9. Comp. "Paeoniis revocatum herbis et amore Dianae" 7. 769, "socios a morte reduxi" 4. 375. tis' because the preservation continues. 477.] Comp. v. 414. Serve 478.] Pugnae' gen. with 'donum,' v. 365. It would be possible to take it as dat. with adstabat:' but the expression would be rather forced. Reducta,' swung back over the head. So "securi reducta 12. 307. 475 480 after 'revocabat' rests on the same authority, is approved by nearly the same critics, and must be vindicated on the same grounds, as likely to have been altered by those who did not understand the metrical licence. Here however, putting aside the question of accidental omission, which probably after all may be the true account, there is the counter probability that 'in' may have been left out by some one who did not understand the construction 'inlisit caestus in ossa.' For other instances of 'inlidere in' see Forc. Effracto cerebro,' breaking into the skull and scattering the brains. Those who omit 'in' I suppose take cerebro' as dative, 'dashed the bones upon the brain.' 481.] I extract from the Variorum editors two comments that have been made on the metrical effect of this well-known verse. "Est autem hic pessimus versus in monosyllaba desinens," Serv. "Incomparabilis hic versus est: quem Servius incogitantissime (modo Servii est id scholion) pessimum vocat, quod terminetur monosyllabo. Utrum enim malis? huncne, an 'Sternitur exanimisque tremens bos corruit ictu?' Ita A. 1 [105]. Dat latus: insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.' Potuisset sic: Dat latus: insequitur tumidis mons incitus undis.' Verum ut corruit taurus, ut confluxit in unum montem mare, ita corruit versus in monosyllabum, copia multarum syllabarum in unam syllabam coacta, sicut et in illo A. 2 [250], 'ruit oceano nox.' Item A. 6 [346], 'En haec promissa fides est ?' Nihil enim aptius indignationi quam oratio desinens in monosyllabum. Vel evolve Demosthenis orationes. Horatius quoque, cum e magnis coeptis futile poema exiturum stomacharetur, ex prolixis vocibus eduxit monosyllabum, Parturiunt montes: nascetur ridiculus mus' &c. Videatur Scalig. 4. 48 et I. Douza praeciden. in Tibull. c. 9. Item Ille super talis effundit pectore voces: Hanc tibi, Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte Daretis. Protinus Aeneas celeri certare sagitta Erythraeus et Corn. Valerius, Lipsii doc- 482.] Heins. restored effundit' for 'effudit.' 483.] Turneb. Adv. 14. 4 &c. explains 'meliorem' by the Greek custom of propitiating the gods when a second victim, for any reason, had to be substituted for a first, by exclaiming devrépwv àμeivóvwv. Whether such a custom prevailed in Rome (where substituted victims were called 'succedaneae' or 'succidaneae'), is not stated: but the illustration seems plausible enough. So Turneb. explains 12. 296, "Hoc habet: haec melior magnis data victima divis." There may also be some contempt intended to Dares in the word, the allusion being, as Germ. thinks, to the trial of the victim (see on 4. 61), which Plutarch calls τὴν ψυχὴν δοκιμάζειν. “The bull dies without flinching: Dares could not abide my blows.' Serv. apparently thinks the bull is called 'melior' merely as compared with unbloody sacrifices. Peerlkamp conj. meliore,' comparing Ov. F. 6. 162, "Hanc animam vobis pro meliore damus," said of a young pig sacrificed for a child. If we could suppose this to have been a common expression, we might consider that Virg. alluded to it, without adopting it. 484.] Persolvere a sacrificial term, 8. 62. Rom. and one or two others give 'reponit.' Entellus hangs up his arms to Eryx as an emeritus,' like Horace 3 Od. 26. 3 foll. to Venus, Veianius Hor. 1 Ep. 1. 4 foll. to Hercules. Trapp bestows just praise on Dryden's rendering of Entellus' speech. The passage is worth quoting, expressing as it does the veteran combatant's feelings as conceived by the veteran poet. The chord struck is not quite the same as that struck by Virgil, but they are very noble lines: "In Dares' stead I offer this: Eryx, accept a nobler sacrifice; 485 Take the last gift my withered arms can yield: Thy gauntlets I resign, and here renounce the field." 485-499.] An archery match follows, between Hippocoon, Mnestheus, Eurytion, and Acestes, who are to shoot at a dove tied to a mast.' 485.] The archery match follows Hom. closely, vv. 850 foll., except that there it is a match between two, one of whom divides the cord, the others kills the bird -the odd thing being that the result is apparently foreseen by Achilles, who offers the inferior prize for the former feat, the superior for the latter. With this and the next line comp. vv. 291, 292. 486.] With Ribbeck I have restored 'dicit from Pal. and Gud., supposing 'ponit' (Med., Rom., Verona fragm.) to have been introduced from a recollection of v. 292. See on 1. 668., 4. 564. 487.] Serv. explains ingenti manu' magna multitudine," and others have thought of taking ingenti' with 'nave.' It clearly however belongs to manu,' and is to be taken like "manu magna" v. 241, "dextra ingenti" 11. 556 (of Metabus), the Homeric χειρι παχείῃ, expressing the gigantic stature of the hero, "ingentem Aenean" 6. 413, and showing how he could set up the mast himself. Serestus is apparently the same who was mentioned 4. 288, his ship not having engaged in the contest. It must be confessed however that this passage affords a strong argument for identifying him with Sergestus, whose shattered vessel might naturally be utilized in this manner. The mast is taken from the ship, 'de nave,' and set up on the sand, Hom. v. 853. Quo tendant ferrum, malo suspendit ab alto. unpivoų dĥoev Todós. In fune,' tied by 490.] Convenere viri,' the competitors. 'Deiicere sortem' occurs Caes. B. C. 1. 6, quoted by Gossrau. "Deiectas sortes' malit Trappius. Non videbat alterum eodem sensu esse magis poeticum," Heyne. Poetical variety alone would be hardly a sufficient reason for the use of the singular here, were it simply improper on grounds of sense, though it might perhaps be justified by metrical necessity, if any such could be pleaded. But 'sors' is used generally in the sing. as opposed to other modes of choice, as we talk of the lot,' by lot,' and this probably accounts for its use here, though as a matter of fact there was a lot for each competitor. 491.] Κλήρους δ ̓ ἐν κυνέῃ χαλκήρεϊ πάλλον ἑλόντες, Π. 23. 861. Clamore secundo,' of his backers: comp. v. 369 above. 492.] Locus,' the place, for the lot fixing the place. Ante omnis' after 'primus 2. 40 &c. Exit' like «λñpos opovσev Il. 3.325, è d'élope kλñpos kuvéns Il. 7. 182. Hippocoon seems to be brother to Nisus, who was also son of Hyrtacus, 9. 177. In II. 2. 837 we have 'Tpтakions Aσios, who comes from Arisbe. Hippocoon is not otherwise known. 493.] "Modo victor" Juv. 2. 73. 'Victor,' though he was only the second winner. 494.] All the naval competitors, or at least three out of four, got some kind of chaplet, v. 269. Cloanthus is crowned with bay (v. 246): possibly the others had each a different kind of wreath, the distinction being intentional. The three prizemen in the foot-race however are all crowned with olive, v. 309, so that it is also possible that Virg. may have mentioned olive inadvertently here, forgetting 490 495 that he had made bay the naval wreath. 495.] Eurytion is not known otherwise. He is appropriately made the brother of Pandarus, the great archer (clarissime') of the early part of the Iliad, the special favourite of Apollo (Il. 2. 827., 5. 105). 496.] Iussus,' by Athene. The story is told II. 4. 86 foll. "Avidus confundere foedus" 12. 290, where the broken truce between Latins and Trojans is copied from the broken truce between Trojans and Greeks. Confundere' is a translation of Homer's own expression, èmel σúv yöpкi' exevav Tpŵes, II. 4. 269. 497.] Torquere' of shooting 11. 773., 12. 461 (modelled on the present line). Pandarus did not shoot at random, but aimed at Menelaus, whom he struck. 498.] Extremus' and 'galea ima' virtually express the same thing by different grammatical forms. Grammatically they would be classed as different parts of the same sentence, requiring no copulative to join them, as they are not strictly speaking co-ordinate. Virg. however has chosen to unite them by 'que,' as in 10. 734, "Obvius adversoque occurrit," an almost exact parallel quoted by Wagn. Q. V. 34. There "obvius" is connected with "occurrit," but not so closely as "adverso," which forms part of the grammatical construction here extremus' is connected with 'subsedit,' but not so closely as galea ima.' With galea ima subsedit' comp. the stories of persons throwing clods of earth as their lots into helmets full of water, that the lots might not be shaken out, Soph. Aj. 1285, Apollod. 2. 8. 4. Acestes' for the lot of Acestes, a very natural identification, common not only in poetical but in familiar English. Burm. and Heyne read subsidit,' which seems to have no MS. authority, and is intrinsically inferior here. 499.] "Manu temptare pericula" 11. |