their movements are awkward. It is desirable to keep all muscles relaxed except those necessarily in use. To give freedom to the muscles and incidentally to the mind, practice faithfully exercises 21-30.

21. a. Stand erect, heels together, weight on both feet. (Viewed from the side, a straight line should

pass through the ear, shoulder, hip, knee
and instep.)

b. Shift weight to right foot and relax left foot.
c. Lift left foot (still relaxed), and shake it as if it
were tied to the ankle.

d. Weight on left foot and shake right.

22. a. Relax hands and wrists and shake.

b. Place left palm between thumb and fingers of right hand and shake left hand till it becomes jelly-like.

c. Shake right hand in same way.

23. a. Stand with one foot on brick or block.

b. Relax knee and ankle muscles of other leg.

c. Raise knee and drop, still relaxed.

24. a. Place fingers on shoulders.
b. Stretch whole body upward.
c. Let arms go.

LESSON IX

1. Write out a condensative paraphrase (50-75 words) of Lincoln's speech.

2. Expansive paraphrase. Expand (to 200-250 words) first two sentences of the speech. Make it such as Lincoln might have spoken at that time.

SPEECH AT THE DEDICATION OF THE NATIONAL
CEMETERY AT GETTYSBURG
November 15, 1863.

Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here; but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us, to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth.-Abraham Lincoln.

EXERCISES

25. a. Stand, one foot on block, relax free leg.

b. Rise on tip-toe, without contracting any muscles in free leg.

c. Repeat four times.

26. a. Relax arms wholly.

b. With a springy motion on toes, twist body so as to swing arms from shoulders, still relaxed.

27. a. Stand, feet apart, with weight on right foot, left leg relaxed.

b. Gradually change weight without moving feet.

c. Repeat this change of poise from left to right and return.

Caution: In this change of poise, the hips and not the shoulders, should lead. The shoulders should remain

level.

LESSON X

Speech may be viewed in two aspects-its subject and its object-what you say, and why you say it. In studying a passage it is not enough to know the Author's subjectwhat he is talking about, we must also know his object— why he is saying this, what he is driving at. What makes him say just this? What does he expect to accomplish by it? Why does he say this particular thing instead of something else? In the selection on page 15, what is Ruskin's subject; that is, what is Ruskin talking about? Now what is his object, why does Ruskin tell us of the old Scythian custom? Is it his purpose merely to give us information about the habits of those people, or has he a purpose that is at first concealed? Why does he not tell us at the beginning that this is a parable, a figure of speech, to impress upon us a less tangible truth? The immediate purpose of the parable is to catch our attention and hold our minds alert for what is to follow. We shall frequently find that the immediate purpose of an Author is different from his main purpose. The immediate purpose is what the Author is trying to accomplish at that particular moment. The immediate purpose may change at every step, as a man going up a steep mountain, turns this way and that way, but while he seems to be going in a different direction, he is still working towards the top. So the immediate purpose may seem, on a hasty reading, to be contradictory to the main purpose. But it must always contribute to the main purpose by preparing the mind in some way for it.

Study Patrick Henry's speech on page 18, and write out your answers to these questions:

1. What is the general situation of affairs?

2. What is his subject, what is he talking about?

3. What is his object? What is his main purpose? State in 25-50 words what he wanted to accomplish by this speech.

4. Is this main purpose noticeable in the first paragraph? 5. Could he accomplish this purpose if he left out the first paragraph?

6. What is his immediate purpose in the first paragraph? 7. Is there any connection between this immediate purpose and his main purpose?

8. Could he leave out paragraph three?

9. Why did he not end his speech with the fifth paragraph?

10. What is the purpose of paragraph six? Of paragraph seven?

Since we cannot fully grasp the Author's meaning until we know his object and aim we must make purpose the basis of our study. Now, how shall we ascertain the Author's purpose? It will help us to get his meaning if we know something of the Author,-what sort of man he was, the circumstances in which he spoke, and the kind of people he was addressing. But the one thing we must find out is his purpose; what is his object in this speech? what impression does he want to make on the hearers? What result does he want to produce in their minds? Does he want to give them information? Or does he want to make them think? Or does he want them to feel as he does about this matter? Or does he want them to decide, and do something?

EXERCISES

To test poise when standing erect with weight on one foot and the other relaxed:

28. a. Lift free foot and touch toe to ground in front, then behind-without moving or stiffening the body.

b. Cross free foot in front of other, touch toe to ground and return without moving or stiffening the body.

c. Change weight to other foot and do the same.

29. a. Sit on stool (or low-backed chair), lean forward with elbows across knees.

b. Relax neck muscles and drop head.