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c. With muscles still relaxed let body swing in a circle, the shoulders dragging head around.

30. a. Sit on stool, lean forward, elbows across knees. b. Relax neck and drop head.

c. Raise head leaving jaw still relaxed.

d. Shake head from side to side, letting teeth rattle. e. Shake head up and down, letting teeth rattle.

Note: If the jaw is not free enough to rattle the teeth, proceed through a, b, c, above, then take No. 22b. This often proves the first step in relaxing the muscles of the jaw.

LESSON XI

Psychologists in studying the mind, notice three aspects -Intellect, Feeling, and Will. The mind is not divided, these are not three separate parts. The whole mind thinks, the whole mind feels, the whole mind acts. But the processes are different in each case. Indeed, there are four processes (1 and 2 belong to the Intellect).

1. Perception of facts, noting what one sees.

2. Conception, Reasoning, or the forming of a Judgment. While the perceptive faculty merely gets a number of isolated "snap-shots," as it were, the Judgment compares one with another, examines their points of likeness, or of unlikeness, and sees how one thing is related to another.

3. Emotion, or Feeling, such as sternness, pleasure, fear, joy, hate, admiration, dignity, etc.

4. Volition, Determination, or Will, the making of decisions.

1. If your purpose is simply to give your hearer some facts, if you want him merely to perceive them, to take them in, to record them on the retina of his mind, like snapshots on camera plates, then your purpose might be called Presentation. You present certain facts before his mind, you unfold your thoughts clearly and quietly. Any passage in which this is the main purpose of the Author we may classify as Presentation.

The bride kissed the goblet; the knight took it up; He quaffed off the wine, and he threw down the cup. She looked down to blush, and she looked up to sigh. With a smile on her lip, and a tear in her eye. He took her soft hand, ere her mother could bar,"Now tread we a measure!" said young Lochinvar. How many snapshots are there in these six lines? How many facts do the following lines present? My name is Norval; on the Grampian hills My father feeds his flocks; a frugal swain, Whose constant cares were to increase his store, And keep his only son, myself, at home.

Nobody under the table, nobody under the sofa; a small fire in the grate; spoon and basin ready; and the little sauce-pan of gruel (Scrooge had a cold in his head) upon the hob. Nobody under the bed; nobody in the closet, nobody in his dressing-gown, which was hanging up in a suspicious attitude against the wall. Quite satisfied, he closed the door and locked himself in.

Is there any connected line of thought in this, or is it merely presentation of facts?

This type, Presentation is of course often tinged with other types, but you need have no difficulty in classifying examples correctly. It asserts instead of arguing; it explains instead of comparing; it presents propositions, but does not discuss them.

2. If, however, your purpose is not only to make your hearer take in certain facts, but also to make him reason about them; if you want him to compare these facts, to contrast them, to detect differences, if you want to appeal to his reasoning faculty, his judgment, then you must show the difference between facts, you must discriminate, you must compare. Any passagt in which this is the Author's purpose may be classed as Discrimination.

After the close of the Revolutionary war, the king of Great Britain ordered a thanksgiving to be kept throughout the kingdom. A minister of the gospel inquired of him, "For what are we to give thanks? that your majesty has lost thirteen of your best provinces?" The king answered, "No." Is it then, that your majesty has lost one hundred thousand lives of your best subjects?" "No, no!" said the king. "Is it then, that we have expended, and lost, a hundred millions of money, and for the defeat and tarnishing of your majesty's arms?" "No such thing," said the king pleasantly. "What then, is the object of the thanksgiving?" "Oh, give thanks that it is no worse."

Speak the speech, I pray you, as I pronounced it to you; trippingly on the tongue. But if you mouth it, as many of your players do, I had as lief the town-crier spoke my lines. Nor do not saw the air too much with your hand, thus, but use all gently; for in the very torrent, tempest, and, as I may say, the whirlwind of passion, you must acquire and beget a temperance that may give it smooth

ness.

Thinking leads man to knowledge. He may see and hear, and read and learn whatever he pleases, and as much as he pleases; he will never know anything of it, except that which he has thought over; that which, by thinking, he has made the property of his mind. Is it then saying too much, that man, only by thinking, becomes truly man? Take away thought from man's life, and what remains?"

There are two kinds of poverty. One consists in not having things; the other in not being able to use them. If a man has millions and gets nothing out of it, he is as poor as if he had nothing. No man is rich who gets nothing from his wealth but board and clothes. Would it enrich a tribe of Hottentots to send them a library, or a piano, or a printing-press? Not in the least, because the Hottentot is dead to these things. Enlargement of life which enables a man to discover new value in that which is about him is the one condition on which all possible good for him depends.

"The quality of mercy is not strain'd,

It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven
Upon the place beneath; it is twice blest;
It blesseth him that gives and him that takes;
'Tis mightiest in the mightiest: it becomes
The throned monarch better than his crown;
His sceptre shows the force of temporal power,
The attribute to awe and majesty,

Wherein doth sit the dread and fear of kings;
But mercy is above this sceptred sway;

It is enthroned in the hearts of kings,

It is an attribute to God himself;

And earthly power doth then show likest God's
When mercy seasons justice. Therefore, Jew,
Though justice be thy plea, consider this:
That, in the course of justice, none of us
Should see salvation: we do pray for mercy;

And that same prayer doth teach us all to render
The deeds of mercy."

Point out any parts of these five examples that merely present facts. Do you perceive that each of these passages, as a whole, reveals a different mood of the speaker's mind from that shown in the three passages given under Presentation?

3. But if presenting facts and discriminating between various facts and their different qualities is not your aim; if you wish to stir your hearer's feelings, to arouse him to indignation or enthusiasm, to excite his pity, his laughter,

or his joy, you must (generally) be stirred yourself, and as your feeling shows itself the hearer will catch it also. A passage that reveals some emotion of the Author and appeals to the feelings of the hearer we may classify as Emotion.

See what a grace was seated on this brow!

Bear with me;

My heart is in the coffin there with Caesar,
And I must pause till it come back to me.

If it will feed nothing else it will feed my revenge.

I am indeed, sir, a surgeon-to old shoes.

When they are in great danger, I recover them.

O save me Hubert, save me from these bloody men.

Do you see clearly that these examples show a different mood of the speaker's mind from the passages given under Discrimination?

4. There is still another purpose that a speaker may have, the purpose to influence the hearer to make a decision, to stir his will, to cause him to act. This is usually accomplished by the impact of the speaker's will upon the will of the hearer. A passage which thus arouses the de-termination of the hearer by showing the will or volition of the speaker, we may classify as Volition.

the

He has charged me with being connected with rebels. The charge is utterly, totally, and meanly false.

Were I an American, as I am an Englishman, while a single foreign troop remained in my country, I would never lay down my arms, Never! Never! Never!

Pilate answered, What I have written I have written.

Note: These examples of Volition are tinged with Emotion. Indeed passages containing only one mood of the author's mind are rare; but while traces of the other moods may be present in a passage, it is not difficult (after some practice) to decide which mood is dominant, which purpose rules.

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