more vigorous the gesture, the more noticeable the ictus. In Emotion as the mind becomes more free from restraint, the body, of course, becomes more flexible, and gesticulation tends to be larger, and in graceful curves. But when the emotion passes into excitement, the movements are no longer gentle and graceful curves, but angular, even jerky lines. Some speakers habitually stretch their fingers apart; this betrays a mild form of hysteria, instead of serenity of spirit. In Volition the movements are stronger, more direct, quicker, and the texture more tense and muscular.

Reveal. (1a, b) When you indicate, you point out something, when you reveal you spread out something before your hearers. You would indicate a picture on the wall, you would reveal a whole row of pictures spread out upon the wall.

All this valley was the playground of my boyhood. Sometimes both hands will be used.

The circumstances, now clearly in evidence spread out the whole scene before us.

They tell us we are weak, but when shall be we stronger?

The double reveal with this question practically says: Here is the whole situation, you can see it plainly, do you see any signs of our growing stronger?

Affirm. When you make a clear-cut and strong affirmation of some proposition, the hand rises ([12]) and sweeps down (12) on the prominent word affirmed. The stronger the affirmation, the higher the hand rises, and the farther and quicker and straighter it falls.

Thou art the man.

If there were as many devils in Wurms, as there are tiles on the roofs, still would I go.

A denial does not prevent strong affirming.

Sir, we are not weak.

The battle, sir is not to the strong alone, it is to the vigilant.

The hand may give affirm on either "not" or vigilant," scarcely on both of them. Better decline in first clause and affirm on last.

Reject. When you resolutely put an object or an idea away from you, you sweep it away, with the palm toward the object. The stronger the rejection the more vigorous the movement of the hand and arm. When the sense of rejection is very strong both hands may be used. ([11]) Shows the hand preparing to reject. (11) Shows the completion of the movement.

We have been spurned with contempt from the foot of the throne.

I will have nothing to do with such a plan.

Decline. (17) When you put an object or an idea away gently or carelessly, the hand sweeps outward, with the palm towards you, the hand less strongly muscularized than in reject.

I thank you, but I will not take your seat.

I do not deny your good intention.

There, there, that'll do, don't bother me any more. (7) This suggests gathering, and is made by one hand or by two.

Acquire.

All this is my share.

And this wealth, painfully gathered by twenty years of sacrifice, has been wantonly wasted.

Surrender. (5) In the idea of giving up, the hand (one or both) sweeps downward, with the palm outwards until it falls empty in complete surrender, as in the last clause of the preceeding example.

Take your old doll. I wouldn't have it anyhow.

Ay, upon my knees, amid the dust and blood of the arena, I begged that poor boon.

Here the speaker gives up his pride, or self-respect.

And now I am come, with this lost love of mine,
To lead but one measure, drink one cup of wine.

The gesticulation of surrender on "lost love" says that he has given her up.

Retain. (4) With this idea, the hand instinctively clenches; the arm may be in almost any position.

Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.

The guilty soul cannot keep its secret. It has become his master.

With the idea of this cruel master the hand is clenched and the arm raised above the head, as if threatening to grasp a thunderbolt and hurl it.

The hand of Douglas is his own, (as in figure 4, retaining his self-respect.)

LESSON XXVIII

Inquire. (16) When the speaker asks a real question, he instinctively raises his hand (sometimes both hands) and his eyebrows. The ictus will be in the fingers, not in the palm.

Listen, I implore you to the voice of reason.

I ask, sir, what means this martial array.

Chastisement! (See also Feet Attitude 4.)

Assail. (9) This is a blow with the fist, or a vigorous pushing out with the open palm of the hand.

O Rome. . . thou hast taught him to drive the sword through plaited mail.

And he shall pay thee back, until the yellow Tiber is red as frothing wine.

Uphold. When you are stating some great truth, some fundamental and far reaching principle, or when you want to express a sense of great solidity, the hand (usually both hands) stretches out and with firm palm holds it up. (See also Feet attitude 3.)

Three millions of people armed in the holy cause of liberty, .. are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us.

Our country will stand forever unbroken, upon the solid foundation of freedom to all.

(Attitude of stedfastness.)

Liberty and Union now and forever one and inseparable.

Caress. (14) The feeling of gentleness expresses itself by a stretching of the hand, especially the palm and the middle finger. This "breathing" of the hand (palm down always) is accompanied by a stroking motion, as when one strokes a child's head or a kitten.

My mother parting the hair from off my forehead, kissed my throbbing temples.

The beams of the moon resting on the gray locks of his aged temple.

One day after the sheep were folded, and we were all seated beneath the myrtle which shaded our cottage.

Conceal. (6) In this the whole body is stealthy, the hand creeps in front of the body, as if to shield something from sight.

Hark! did somebody rustle those leaves?

with

The assassin enters through the window noiseless foot he paces the lonely hall, half lighted by the moon.

Detect. (8) Physically one feels the quality of paper or cloth by rubbing it between the thumb and the tips of the first and second fingers.

There seems to be some sand or grit in this sugar.

In mental detecting the thumb is held in a similar position but without rubbing and without drawing the eyes toward the hand.

It sounds plausible, gentlemen, but if you examine the statement more carefully, you will see that he has overlooked one important fact.

Define. (15) Mental indicating is the pointing out of some fact that might be overlooked. Detecting is picking out and separating some fact that is involved or entangled with other ideas. Defining is cutting off something at its limits. It may be physical but is more often mental. The edge of the hand cuts, as it were, between this and that.

Man marks the earth with ruin; his control stops with the shore.

Let us be sacrificers, but not butchers, Caius.

The secret which the murderer possesses, soon comes to possess him.

Mould. (13) When you think of shaping something like dough or clay; or of strongly influencing some person and moulding him to your own will, the hand moves with a slight but subtle shaping movement, which has a tinge of stealthiness.

He moves the lock by soft and continued pressure.
Leave him to me, I'll manage him.