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Europe, require, may easily be inferred from these Stipulations. They are part of a treaty between Austria and Russia, aigned May 3, 1815.

ARTICLE XVIII.

Should any individual, having property under one or two Governments only, whether by inheritance, legacy, gift, or marriage, become possessed of property under the other Government, he shall be considered as a proprietor under both Governments, and, as such, obliged to make, within the prescribed time, the declaration of his fixed abode. This term of a year shall date from the day on which he shall have produced the legal proof of his acquisition.

ARTICLE XIX.

An individual possessing property under both Governments, or his agent, shall be allowed at all times to pass from one of his possessions to the other; for which purpose it is the pleasure of the two Courts that the Governor of the nearest province shall give the necessary passports, on the applica tion of the parties. These passports shall be deemed a sufficient protection, from one Government to the other, and shall be equally respected on both sides.

ARTICLE XX.

Possessors having estates divided by the frontier shall be treated, in respect to those possessions, according to the most liberal principles.

Individuals whose property is thus circumstanced, their servants and tenants, shail have the privilege of passing and repassing from one part of the possession, so divided by the frontier, to the other, with their implements of husbandry, their cattle, tools, &c. the difference of sovereignty being no impediment thereto. They may also remove, from one place to the other, their crops, all articles of growth, their cattle, and every article of manufacture, without passports, molestation, rent, or impost whatever. This privilege is, however, limited to articles the produce of the soil, or of industry, in the territory thus divided by the line of demarcation. It likewise extends to such lands only as belong to the same person, in the fixed distance of one mile (fifteen to the degree) on both sides, and which may have been divided by the line of frontier.

The shepherds and drovers, subjects of both Powers, shall continue to enjoy the rights, immunities, and privileges, which have hitherto been granted to them; and no obstacle shall prevent the daily intercourse on the frontiers between the neighbouring people.

The following qualifications are judged necessary by the High Contracting Parties for a Senator, and for a Judge, of the free city of Cracow.

ARTICLE XIX.

dating from the publication of the constiAt the expiration of the sixth year, tions for becoming a Senator, by the electutional charter, the necessary qualification of the Representatives, shall be;

1. He must be thirty-five years of age. in one of the Universities within the ancient 2. He must have completed his studies kingdom of Poland.

Mayor during two years, that of Judge S. He must have filled the office of during two years, and that of Representative during two sessions of the assembly.

least previous to the election, an immovea4. He must have possessed, for a year at ble property, charged with a land tax of a hundred and fifty Polish florins.

The qualifications for a Judge are;
1. To be thirty years of age.

of the above mentioned Universities, and to 2. To have completed his studies in one have obtained the degree of Doctor.

3. To have been with an Attorney for one year, and to have practiced also with an Advocate for the same period.

the value of eight thousand Polish florius, 4. To possess immoveable property to which must have been acquired at least a before the election.

year

In order to be elected a Judge of the "Second Instance," or President of either of the courts, besides these qualifications, the first court, or that of Magistrate of he must have filled the office of Judge in Arbitration for the two years, and have been a Representative.

To be elected Representative of a com. mune, it is necessary;

1. That he be twenty-six years of age. 2. That he shall have gone through a course of studies at the university of Cra. cow.

s. That he shall be possessed of immoveable property rated at ninety Polish florins, and acquired at least a year before the election.

It seems to us, as if individuals, resident on the adjoining boundaries, accustomed to treat each other with complacency, to form societies, to contract alliances, and in short, to act as brothers,-to be brothers, for years together, could hardly bring themselves to consider each other as enemies to slay and destroy each other, to hunt for each other's

lives, to desolate each other's premises, perhaps to burn the very corn which the incendiary has sown, or has assisted to gather into the barn-why? because political animosities have induced the Sovereigns, respectively, to appeal to arms; to arms! the executioners of wrath; but, never yet, the means of establishing a just decision, on just principles. Alas! poor human nature! to what art thou fallen!

3. If the number of Protestants inhabiting the communes ceded by His Majesty should be less than that of the Catholics, No the school-masters residing in those communes shall always be Catholics. Protestant church shall be established, excepting in the town of Carouge, which shall have one.

Two-thirds of the municipal officers shall be Catholics. and of the three individuals who fill the offices of mayor and his two assistants, two of them shall always be Catholics.

In case it should happen that an equal number of Protestants and Catholics should reside in the same commune, the municipal body shall be composed of an equal number of Protestants and Catholics, and they shall fill the office of Mayor alternately; in this case, however, there must always be a Catholic school-master, even where a Protestant one is already established.

These Treaties embrace almost every country in Europe: we have already noticed the principal, so far as they may interest our readers. It being thought necessary, however, to strengthen Switzerland by some accessions, and Sardinia, the neighbour of Switzerland, by other accessions; certain considerations were stipulated on this occasion. It is not intended by this Article to preThe following is from the treaty bevent Protestants residing in a commune iutween the king of Sardinia and the canton of Geneva, (now forming part of habited by Catholics, from erecting at their own expence a private chapel, for the Switzerland). It is admitted, that the exercise of their religion, if they desire it, Monarch was free to insist on the right or from having, also at their expence, a of religious liberty for his late subjects: Protestant shool-master for the private inwhether some of the terms do not mani-struction of their children. fest a jealousy on the part of the Romish communion, must be left to the discernment of our readers.

ARTICLE III.

4. The funds, revenues, and the administration of religious and charitable institutious, shall remain untouched, and private individuals, shall not be prevented from erecting new ones.

5. The government shall make the same provision as the present Government for the support of the clergy, and places of

His Majesty feeling reluctant to giving His consent to a part of His territory being united to a State, whose prevailing religion is different, without securing to the inha-worship. bitauts of the country which He cedes, the enjoyment of the free exercise of their religion, and the means of keeping up their religious establishments, with the ful enjoyment of all the rights of citizens; It is agreed,

1 That the Catholic religion shall be maintained and protected, in the same manuer as at present, in all those commu es ceded by His Majesty the King of Sardinia, which are to be united to the canton of Gejeva.

6 The Catholic Church, now established at Geneva, shall be maintained; as at present, at the expence of the State, as the laws of the Constitution of Geneva have already decreed a suitable establishment, and provision shall be made for the of ficiating clergyman.

7. The Catholic communes and the parish of Geneva shall continue to form part of the diocese which is to govern the provinces of the Chablais, and Faucigny; unless it should be otherwise regulated by the authority of the Holy See.

8. The Bishop shall not, under any circumstances, be disturbed in his pastoral

visits.

2. Those parishes which are neither dismembered nor divided by the line of the new frontiers, shall retain their present extension, and shall be served by the same 9. The inhabitants of a ceded country number of clergymen; and with regard to parts dismembered, which may not be shall be placed entirely upon the same sufficiently large to constitute a parish, ap-footing in point of civil and political rights, plication shall be made to the bishop of the diocese, in order to obtain their annexation to some other parish of the canton of Geneva.

with the Genevese of the city; they shall exercise these rights conjointly with them, excepting, however, the right of property, of citizenship, or of communes.

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What the intent of these Treaties is, our readers may now judge: what the issue will be, no mortal can foretell. For many ages past, the penetrating have perceived in every new treaty the cause of new commotions. We will not believe, that such causes were other than innocent, if the notion be correct; but, may not the most penetrating have been deceived?

What comparison might be drawn between these regulations and those more recently adopted by the King of France in reference to children's schools, in- Those who constructed the present structed by Protestants, we cannot now scheme of Policy, with the present sysenquire; but we recommend the sub- tem of arrangements, intended to ensure ject to those whose leisure allows them the PERPETUITY OF PEACE, can no to pursue it. It is sufficient here, to more warrant that the happy conseobserve, that the progress of knowledge quences of their labours shall equal their is irresistible; that the anxiety maui- desires and wishes, than others, before fested by Papal powers to suppress that them. They have done what they could progress, is useless; it will burst out, do; perhaps not all they would have over all impediments; and it will ulti-done; and they may at least console mately triumph. That establishment, themselves with the sentiment given by of whatever nature, which is incompa- the virtuous poet to one of his greatest tible with the spread and extension of characters, knowledge, must make up its mind to be buried in its own ruins ::- Moles ruit suæ.

We have room but for one more remark; the French language, was the means of subjugating Europe to the tyranny of French principles. It was the deepest part of the deep policy of Louis XIV. to render the language of France universal it prepared whoever spoke it, to endure with less abhorrence the Joke he meditated to impose universally. Whether it were wise to adopt this language in treaties composed expressly to reduce and counteract the power of France, we do not say; but, we must be allowed to infer, that if the high contracting powers, had thought it wise, they would not have inserted in their treaty an apology for the use of it.

Tis not in mortals to command success;
But we 'il do more, Sempronius,
WE'LL DESERVE IT

Travels to the Source of the Missouri Kiner, and across the American Contineut, to the Pacific Ocean. Performed by Order of the United States. In 1804, 1805, and 1806. By Captains Lewis and Clarke. Published from the Official Report, and Illustrated by a Map of the Routes, and other Maps. 4to. pp. 663. Price £2 12s. 6d. Longman, and Co. 1814. (Second Edition, 3 vols. 8vo. Price £2 2s. 1815.)

IF journies and voyages of discovery were always undertaken by persons, in whom novelty of object would be certain to awaken profound reflection, or

acute conjecture, no species of reading | excite in the breast of an American no

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other thoughts than the girth of their timber, and their distance from water carriage. The noble rivers that freshen and fertilize the plains through which they pass, are contemplated, only as they offer facilities to future navigation; the habits of the brute creation are studied, to ensure their subjugation; and the varieties of the human race, too often but little raised above them, are marked in the same way, as mere vehicles of commerce, without the slightest feeling of sympathy for them as fellow creatures, or a wish to ameliorate their condition as men.

One great reason of this cold and selfish view of things in the Americans, is that they have no associations with the

ther by necessity than choice. They regard it neither with the pride of conquest, nor with the affection of nature: the very grandeur and solitude of the forests, proclaim that here their ances

would be equally captivating to the imagination, or equally pregnant with instruction; but, unfortunately it happens, that physical and intellectual ability seldom unite in the same individual. The soul of the philosopher, careless of material things, often inhabits a tenement too crazy to bear violent removals; in the peaceful security of his elbow chair, he meditates on the lapse of ages, or expatiates on the wonders of futurity: but, for facts, he must confide in the observation of others; -of adventurers, who possess bodily vigour, with that dauntless courage which courts hardships and dangers, and rejoices in the prospect of wilds before untrodden. Such men will ford rivers, scale precipices, combat bears, and out-country, in which they are placed raface Indians; but their mental powers survey the forms of things only; the material world is all in all with them; and on its present state, alone, do they ever venture an opinion: hence their narratives may furnish food for reflectors were not coeval: the rude liberty of tion to others of a more contemplative turn, but rarely exhibit any trace of profound reflection in themselves; and hence the very imperfect gratification afforded by them, even while the reader sympathizes in the difficulties of their enterprize, and feels his curiosity strongly excited by the objects it may present. The American Settlers, like the inhabitants of all infant states, direct their attention entirely to making the most of their country. It is with nations as with individuals: wealth must be procured, before the refinements which give it all its value. The Americans are in the first state: hence we may expect from their exertions active surveys, exact calculations, and acute theories, in support of their commercial interest; but abstract reflec-estiug. It is pleasing to see what resotions, philosophical remarks, or poetical feelings, would at present be as useless and as troublesome appendages to their reasoning faculties, as the toilette of a European lady would be to a Clatsop Beauty, who is admired in proportion as she can dig for roots, carry a load across mountains, or manage a canoe amid rocks, rapids and sand bars. The waving forests that have stood for

ages

the Aborigines forces upon them the conviction that they have merely wrested from savages territory sufficient for incipient civilization; and they are impatient to become wealthy, because they feel they have no other foundation for self-complacency, or for consequence among nations.

We have been led into these reflections by the volume before us; which is as fruitful in facts as it is barren of remark upon them: premises abound; conclusions are left to be drawn by those who chuse to take the trouble. However, any account of an undertaking of such magnitude as that of exploring ununknown countries, and penetrating through trackless wilds, never before visited by civilized man, must be inter

lution and activity can attain; and those who may themselves be habitually exposed to danger, will take fresh courage from every instance wherein great dangers have been surmounted. The sagacity, the promptness aud humanity of the leaders of this great enterprise cannot be too highly rated, any more than the patience and unanimity of those under their command, during a route of 9,000

miles, and an absence from home of more than two years.

Our readers have already seen the abstract of this account in a letter from Captain Clarke to his brother*, with the Journal of Serjeant Gass, who was the first to gratify the impatience of his countryment, and whose narrative, equally faithful and dry, was an honest representation of facts. We then alJuded to emulation, excited by the expedition of Sir Alex. Mackenzie, and to that, we ought to add, the desire of exploring the capabilities of Louisiana, a Country subsequently obtained by the American Government.

Soon after the acquisition of Louisiana by the United States, Captains Lewis and Clarke set out on their destination to explore the Missouri aud the Missisippi, in May 18, 1804.

The party consisted of nine young men, from Kentucky, fourteen watermen, an interpreter and hunter, and a black servant belonging to Captain Clarke-all these, except the last, were enlisted to serve as privates during the expedition, and three serjeants were appointed from amongst them by the Captains.

soon overtaken by hunger and fatigue, when happily the Great Spirit appeared and giving him a bow and arrow, shewed him how to kill and cook deer, and cover himself with the skin. He then proceeded to his original residence; but as he ap proached the river, he was met by a beaver, who inquired haughtily who he was, and by what authority he came to disturb his possession? The Osage answered, that the river was his own, for that he had once lived on its borders. As they stood disputing, the daughter of the beaver came, and having by her entreaties reconciled her father to this young stranger, it was proposed that the Osage should marry the young beaver, and share with her family the enjoyment of the river. The Osage readily consented, and from this happy union there soon came the village and the nation of the Wasbasha, or Osages, who have ever since preserved a pious reverence for their ancestors, abstaining from the chase of the beaver, because in killing that animal, they killed a brother of the Osage. Of late years however since the trade with the Whites has rendered beaver skins more valuable, the sanctity of these maternal relatives has visibly diminished, and the poor animals have, nearly lost all privileges of kindred.

A special object of Captain Lewis's

In this arrangement scientific discoveries were unprovided for; and in-mission was, to endeavour to gain the deed the perils of the route were sufficient to engross the mental faculties of the most reflecting of the party. Provided with all necessary stores for themselves, and suitable presents for the Indians, they embarked on board of three boats, and proceeded on their adventurous expedition.

The first Indian settlement they arrived at was the Osages; of whose origin we shall give an account for the benefit of certain of our poets, who delight in drawing incidents from mythological sources.

According to universal belief the founder of the nation was a snail passing a quiet existence along the banks of the Osage, till a high flood swept him down to the. Missouri and left him exposed on the shore. The heat of the sun at length ripened him into a man, but with the change of his na ture he had not forgotten his native seats on the Osage, towards which he immediately bent his way. He was however

*. Lit. Pan. Vol. II. p 373;
t. Lit Pan. Vol. V. p 684.

confidence of the Indian tribes; to inform them of the change in the government of Louisiana; and to assure them of the goodwill and protection of the United States and their "Great Father," the President. Those tribes which were ignorant of the use of spirituous liquors, were found kind, generous, and honest; those, on the contrary, who were most addicted to it, were brutal, crafty, aud violent. The Riccaros, on whisky being offered to them, refused it, saying "they were surprised their Father should present them with a liquor which would make them fools."

On another occasion the same people observed to a French trader," that no man could be their friend who tried to lead them into such follies." The Assiniboins, on the contrary, are so passionately fond of their" Great Father's nilk," as they designate spirituous liquors, that they form their chief inducement to trade with the British. Under the baneful influence of intoxication, their camps become the scene of the

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