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blished, and willingly perform the labours a religion no longer acknowledged, and required of them; although their natural scarcely known among them by name: timidity and wandering habits, render when he reflects upon that boundless prothem, in a considerable degree, inacces-fusion of active, unwearied skill and pa sible to Europeans. The Rayads are the tience, the noble spirit of generous emularemains of a peculiar people, so called, who tion, the patronage and encouragement with their families and households, live in which the arts and sciences must have resmall prows, in the Bays of Jebus and ceived, and the inexhaustible wealth and Kabut, and obtain subsistence by fishing resources which the Javanese of those and adventure. Particulars of the Moun- times must have possessed!" taineers and Rayads, will form a separate notice.

ANTIQUITIES OF JAVA.

In attempting to describe the Chandi Sewo, or Thousand Temples, which form a principal part of these ruins, he lameuts his inability to convey any adequate ideas To attempt any satisfactory description satisfactory to his own mind, even of the of the various monuments of antiquity, and actual dismantled state of this splendid of a former worship, which are to be found seat of magnificence and of the arts.in almost every district of the island, would "Never," he observes, "have I met with be impracticable on the present occasion; such stupendous, laborious and finished and, with the exception of a few notices, I specimens of human labour, and of the pomust content myself with assuring you, lished, refined taste of ages long since forthat however deficient we may be in scien- got, and crowded together, in so small a tific information, or in a knowledge of the compass, as characterize and are manimythology, sacred to which these monu- fested in this little spot; and, though, I ments may have been reared, measures doubt not, there are some remains of antihave been taken that a record, to be de-quity in other parts of the globe, more pended upon for exactness at least, should worthy the eye of the traveller, or the penexist of the actual remains of Hinduism incil of the artist, yet Chandi Sewo must Java. I am indebted to Captain Baker, ever rank with the foremost in the attrac who is now actively engaged in these pur- tions of curiosity, or of antiquarian resuits, for the most accurate sketches of the search." present appearance of the most important I have preferred giving you the words of of these ruins, as well as for ground-plaus, Captain Baker, while the subject was fully and elevations of the principal temples, impressed ou his mind, and while in the with notices of much valuable information midst of the objects which he contemwhich is to be collected of their origin, ob-plated: there is a feeling excited at such a ject, and history. moment that gives a colouring to the picture, which is weakered in the faded tints of a more distant view.

You are aware that the most splendid of these monuments are to be found at Prambanan, Boro Bodo and Singa Sari. Next to Prambanan, the ruins of Boro Of the first an interesting description is Bodo may be ranked as remarkable for given in the last volume of our Transac-grandeur in design, peculiarity of style, tions, by our highly esteemed friend, Colonel Mackenzie. Circumstances have since admitted of a more minute investigation; and our information, as far as regards their present state, is much more complete. These extensive ruins lay claim to the highest antiquity; and, considering the vicinity of the temples to have been the seat of the earliest monarchy in Java, I may be permitted, in the words of Captain Baker, to lament the contrast of the present times, with "times long since past." Nothing," he observes, "can exceed the air of me. lancholy, desolation, and ruin, which this spot presents; and the feelings of every visitor must be forcibly in unison with the scene of surrounding devastation, when he reflects upon the origin of this once venerated, hallowed spot; the seat and proof of the perfection of arts now no longer in existence in Java; the type and emblem of

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and exquisite workmanship. This temple is in the district of Boro, under the residency of the Kadu, whence I presume it takesits name; Bodo being either a term of contempt, cast upon it by the Mahometaus, or erroneously so pronounced, instead of Bud ho-which, in its general acceptation, in the Javanese language, is synonimous with ancient, or heathen. It is built so as to crown the upper part of a small hill, the summit terminating in a dome. The building is square, and is composed of seven terraces rising one above the other, each of which is enclosed by stone walls; the ascent to the different terraces being by four flights of steps, leading from four principal entrances, one on each side of the square. On the top are several small latticed domes, the upper part terminating in one of a larger circumference. In separate niches, or rather temples, at equal die

tances, formed in the walls of the several | have fallen from the adjacent elevated ter terraces, are contained upward of three race; although it is difficult to reconcile hundred stone images of devotees, in a sit- the probability of its having been elevated ting posture, and being each above three to such a station, with reference to any feet high. Similar images are within the traces we now have of the knowledge domes above; and in compartments in the of mechanics by the Javanese. To walls, both within and without, are carved i have raised it by dint of mere manual the present in relief, and in the most correct and beau- labour would appear, at tiful style, groupes of figures, containing day, an Herculean task. The terrace historical scenes and mythological cere- is about eighteen feet high. A second fimonies, supposed to be representations of a gure, of the same dimensions, has since been discovered in the vicinity of the principal part, either of the Ramayan or Mahabaat. The figures and costume are above; and, when the forest shall be clearevidently Indian; and we are at a loss ed, some traces of the large temple to whether most to admire the extent and which they formed the approach may grandeur of the whole construction, or the probably be found. Not far from Singa beauty, richness, and correctness of the Sari, which was once the seat of empire, and in the district of Malang, are several sculpture. interesting ruius of temples, of similar construction, and of the same style of orna

ment.

The name, and resemblance of the images which surround this temple to the figure of Budha, has induced an opinion These buidings must have been raised that it was exclusively confined to the worship of that deity; but it should be at a period when the highest state of the noticed, that in the immediate vicinity of arts existed, and constructed at no very Considered this large temple, and evidently connected distant date from each other. with it, are the remains of several smaller in this view, they serve very forcibly and temples, constructed much after the fashion decidedly to corroborate the historical deof the temples at Prambanan, and contain-tails of the country, which are found to ing a variety of sculptures and images of exist in the different written compositions and dramatic entertainments. the Braminical worship. A large but mutilated stone figure of Brahma was found Iu noticing the more prominent remains in a field hard by; and as there are images of antiquity, as they are to be traced from similarly resembling Budha to be found at the architecture and sculpture of formier Prambanan, it would seem, that if they days, I should be wanting in attention, aud are ascertained to represent that deity, indeed in a due respect to the popular trathese buildings must have been erected at dition and the still received opinion of the a period when the worship was not sepa- Javaus, did I not speak of Gunung Prahu, rated. a mountain, or rather a range of mounAlthough the general design of this tem-tains, (for there are no less than twentyple differs from those at Prambanan, a si-nine points or summits, which have dis-. milar style of sculpture and decoration is tinct names,) situated on the northern side observable; and the same may be also of the island, and inland between Samatraced in the ruins at Singa Sari, situated rang and Pacalongan, the supposed resiin the Residency of Pasaruan, where are dence of Arjuno, and of the demi-gods and still to be found images of Brahma, Ma-heroes who distinguished themselves in hadewa, Ganesa, the Bull Nundi, and the B'rata Yudha, or Holy War. Here, others, of the most exquisite workmanship, the ruins of the supposed palace of the chief and in a still higher degree of preservation-the abode of Bima, his followers and at, than any remaining at Prambanan or Boro Bodo.

One of the most extraordinary monuments in this quarter, however, is an immense colossal statue of a man resting on his hams, (of the same character as the porters at Prambanan,) lying on its face, and adjacent to a terrace, on which it was eriginally placed. This statue measures in length about twelve feet, breadth between the shoulders nine feet and a half, and at the base nine feet and a half, with corresponding dimensions in girth, cut from one solid stone. The statue seems evidently to

tendants, are exhibited; and so rich was
once this spot, in relics of antiquity, that
the village of Kali Babar, situated at the
foot of the mountain, is stated to have paid
its rents, from time inmemorial, in gold
melted down from the golden images here
discovered. So great, indeed, has been
the desire to meet the courtly thirst for
these interesting relics, that, I regret to
say, many of the buildings, composed of a
material less in demand, have suffered pre-
mature dilapidation on that account.
veral interesting remains have recently
been discovered by Major Johnson, resi-

Se

dent at the Court of the Susunan; and, among these, the ruins at Suku deserve particular notice. But I have already trespassed on a subject which it is impossible to treat well, except in detail, and with reference to drawings of the extensive variety of erections, edifices, images, and poetical creations, which abound in Java. As connected with these early and splendid monuments of the former high state of the arts in Java, and illustrative of the history of the country, are to be noticed the great variety of inscriptions found in different parts of the island. Fac-similes of most of these have been taken; and I am happy to add, that we have succeeded in decyphering some of the most interesting. The character on the stone found at Prambanan is, no doubt, one of the Dewa Nagri characters of India; and, with the exception of a few characters extant at Singa Sari, on the backs of stone images, the only specimen yet discovered of this peculiar formation. ¡

From the vicinity of theformer kingdom of Jong'golo, not far distant from the modern Surabaia, have been brought several large stones, of the shape of English tombstones, covered with inscriptions in the ancient Javanese character, and in the Kawi language; translations (or rather paraphrases) for they principally contain prayers and invocations to the Deity, in a language, the meaning of a few words only

of which are retained, while the idiom and grammatical construction has long been lost."

SOUTH AFRICA.

We give the following extract of a letter from the Cape, which will be agreeable to most of our readers, as it depicts the meritorious exertions of a set of men who deserve high applause for the good they have done, and still continue to do, to their fellow creatures.

"I am just returned from an excursion of about two hundred miles into the interior. Baavians Kloof is the spot on which three Moravian Missionaries have civilized, converted to Christianity, and taught some handicraft trade to one thousand three hundred Hottentots. It was one of the most interesting sights imaginable to behold them at church, clothed for the most part in sheep skins-they chaunt the several hymns, and make the responses with a softness of voice and an accuracy, which strikingly contrasts with their appearance. I entered many of their huts, and was delighted to observe an air of neatness pervading the whole of them. In one, a glass window was remarkable. VOL. IV. No. 20. Lit. Pan. N. S. May 1.

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About three hundred children were assembled around me in the school-room. They alternately read in the Old and New Testament, wrote on slate, and sung. I brought away with me specimens of flowered work executed by some of the Hottentot women, which would not have disgraced the first milliuers in London. All excellence is comparative, and when we consider that but twenty-two years ago this great num ber of our fellow-creatures were savages, in the midst of inaccessible mountains, that they were in intellects scarcely superior to the beasts of the field, and in morality below them, I will venture to assert, that to an expanded mind, to one capable of contemplating it as such, few spectacles could have been more touching, or better suited to awaken all the finest feelings of our nature, than the one I have left behind me at Baavians Kloof."

AMERICANA.

The following are extracts from various sources of American Intelligence, lately received in London. They contain a view of the situation of that country, in consequence of late events, which well deserves to be recorded; and indeed, ought not to be passed over slightly. Whatever the errors of the American Government have been,

the people seem to have felt the bitter con-
sequences, and will most probably long
remember the enmity manifested against
the Old Country, in favour of Napoleon
Buonaparte, Emperor of France.

DISTRESS FOR WANT OF A CIRCULATING
MEDIUM.

SOUTHERN MONEY. -The manner in which the revenue is collected in the Southern States has the operation of giving them a very improper advantage in the payment of duties. In Baltimore the Bills of the Banks of that city are received for Custom House bonds-when Treasury Notes commanded a premium of 7 to 8 per cent. in exchange, for their depreciated paper. In Boston Treasury Notes are the cheapest currency which is received for custom house bonds. Of course the merchants of Boston pay the same rate of duties in a currency 7 or 8 per cent, more valuable than that in which the merchants of Baltimore pay. This diffe rence on goods paying an ad valorem duty of 25 per cent. amounts to two per cent. on the whole value of the goods, which would more than pay freight and insurance from Baltimore to Boston, so that a merc

M

hant of Boston having a valuable cargo of goods will save money by having it entered at Baltimore, and afterwards transported to Boston-this difference amounts to upwards of 8 cents a gallon on Madeira Wine, is nearly a cent a pound on coffee, and is full 50 cents the cwt, on white sugars -which may be considered a fair mercantile profit. Suppose the revenue collected in Boston and Baltimore to be equal, and to amount to five millions in each place per annum, Baltimore will pay 350,000 or 400,000 dollars less revenue per annum than Boston on the same quantity of goods. This is a most shameful inequality, and calls loudly for a remedy.

It is said, the effect at Baltimore, of movements on the part of the Banks to eventually resume specie payments, was to reduce the price of every article in the market 5 per cent. or more in one day. In other words, to appreciate Bank Bills so much in the purchase.

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A writer in the New-York paper says the Banks in that city have an aggregate capital of $15,000,000; that the deposits amount to $2,000,000; that they have Treasury notes, and the notes of individuals to the amount of $22,000,000; and but $5,000,000 in Bills in circulation. This serves to shew that the holders of the Bills are safe, but the Bills not being convertible into specie at par, and not purchasing so much as specie, do not answer the purpose of the holder. They may indeed be laid aside, like the note of hand of an heir, to be good some time or other, rather than be sold at present at a discount; but they are not quite so good as such a note to lay by, because they bear no interest.

In New-York, Boston money and specie are quoted at 14 to 15 per cent advance; and Baltimore money at 8 to 8 1-2 per cent discount; making the astonishing difference of 25 per cent. in favour of Boston!

it back. Who will complain of scarcity of money when it overflows like the river Nile in its annual inundation? Doubtless the consequences will be equally fruitful in their kind. [N. Y. Coll.]

The owners of the ship Euphrates, at Philadelphia from Liverpool, demand specic, or an equivalent, in pay for the freight. The Philadelphians complain. It would be easy hereafter to stipulate the kind of money payable for freight-the price would be conformable.

Repeated mention is made of the high prices which Southern produce commands; but the reporters forget to add, that the payments for it are made in bank bills, which are depreciated from 15 to 25 per cent. below dollars and eagles! Those who recollect the times of Old Continental money (which had as good foundation for credit as any paper not convertible into dollars) can inform these reporters, that a single biscuit once commanded the high those times were lamented, not boasted of. price of four or five paper dollars; but that

Fourteen different companies in New York State, have given notice of their intention to apply for charters as banking institutions at the present Session of the Legislature of that State. The aggregate of the proposed capital is upwards of 14 million dollars.

WASHINGTON, Oct. 23.

Counterfeiters.-The variety of bank paper now in circulation has afforded scope for a multitude of frands on the public, detections of which are daily taking place.

There are in circulation in this district some hundreds of dollars of notes of a bank said to have no existence, at Lexington, Indiana territory. They are handsome notes, and well calculated to impose on the public.

DUTIES ON EXPORTS AND IMPORTS.

Small Notes.--These substitutes for the smaller denominations of silver and copper In a letter recently transmitted to Concoins, are supposed to be more numerous gress by the Secretary of the Treasury, at this moment than all the locusts and the amount of duties and drawbacks on plages of Egypt in Pharaoh's time. Shop-goods, wares, and merchandize, imported keepers, tavern-keepers, canal companies, into the United States, and exported thereissue, each their respective "bills of from during the years 1812, 1813, and credit;" and the tinkers and fruit-women, 1814 are thus stated: it is supposed, will assert their equal right to coin, as well as the tripe sellers and pepper pot venders. A facetious grocer has put a curious" superscription" on his coin," to be received at •for 25 cents:" by which he means that in and for the consideration of 25 cents. he will take

1812.

Drawback payable. $1,542,623

Duties Received.
$14,874,090

1813.

$7,473,253

$580,328

1814.

$4,720,400

S26,082

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28,000,100 The subscriptions of 6 per cent. stock to be at par.

The subscription of 3 per cent stock to be at 56 per cent.

The subscriptions of 7 per cent. stock to be at 106-51 per cent.

stalment to be paid at the time of subscribing, and the payments to be made, at the pleasure of government, either in gold or silver; or in 6 per cent. stock, redeemable at the pleasure of the government; or in Treasury Notes, not fundable, nor bearing interest, nor payable at a particular time, but receivable in all payments to the bank, with a right on the part of the bank to reissue the treasury notes so paid from time to time, until they are discharged by payments to the government.

8. The bank shall be at liberty to sell the stock portion of its capital, to an amount not exceeding in any one year; but if the sales are intended to be effected in the United States, notice there~ of shall be given to the Secretary of the Treasury that the commissioners of the Sinking Fund, may, if they please, become the purchasers, at the market price, not exceeding par.

VI. Bonus for the Charter of the Bank. -The subscribers shall pay a premium to the government for its charter. Estimating the profits of the Bank from the probable advance in the value of its stock, and the result of its business when in full operation, at 7 per cent. a bonus of 1,500,000 dollars payable in equal instalments of 2,5 and 4 years after the bank commences its operations might, under all circumstances, be considered as about 4 per cent. upon its capital, and would contribute a reasonable premium.

SLAVES.

From an official statement lately submitted to Congress by the Secretary of 5. The subscriptions in public debt may the Treasury, it appears that the whole be discharged at pleasure by the govern-in number to 111,500, is 14,525,845 dolvalue of the slaves in Maryland amounting ment, at the rate at which it is subscribed. 6. The subscriptions of corporations or individuals to be payable by instalments. (1) Specie, at subscribing, On each share 5 dollars

At 6 months 5 dollars

At 12 months 5 dollars

lars. As Maryland is probably a fair pattern of the other slave holding states, the whole slave population of the United States, amounting by the last census to 1,400,000 1,185,223 souls, may be valued at 155 1,400,000 million of Dollars, making the average 1,400,000 value of each man, woman, and child 190 2,800,000 dollars.

At 18 months 10 dollars

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The citizens of the city of New-York, have sent in a Memorial to the Legisla ture, petitioning the assistance of the State in the formation of a grand canal from Lake Erie, to the Hudson. The route which they propose, is from the vicinity of the outlet of Lake Erie, across the country waters of Mohawk river at Rome; thence in the most eligible direction to the head along the valley of the Mohawk to the Hudson. The length of the canal will be

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