by the outbreak of war between France and Russia, and early in 1812 Wellington commenced his wellmatured plan for freeing Spain from the invader. He captured Ciudad Rodrigo on 19th January, stormed Badajoz on 6th April, and called in Hill's division from the south. Marmont, who had collected his troops about Salamanca, found his flank threatened, and had at first to retire; but on 22d July he turned upon the British, and fought the battle of Tormes, where he was wounded and his army defeated. Wellington entered Madrid on 12th August. King Joseph then withdrew Soult from Andalusia to Valencia, where they joined Suchet. But the Spanish army neglected to guard the British line of communications, and Clausel, who succeeded Marmont, proved so formidable a general that Wellington again found himself obliged to retire towards Salamanca and Portugal. PENN pope, and in certain cases dispensations from the impediments of marriage. Penk, 6 miles S. of Stafford by rail, in an agriculPenkridge, a town of Staffordshire, on the tural district. Pop. 3134. Penmaenmawr, a watering-place of CarnarThe vonshire, 4 miles SW. of Conway by rail. mountain of Penmaenmawr, the northern extremity of the Snowdon group, is 1553 feet high; on its summit are the remains of a great British fort, Dinas Penmaen. Not Penn, WILLIAM, the founder of the colony of Pennsylvania, was the son of Admiral William Penn, and was born at London, 14th October 1644. His early years were spent partly in Essex and partly in Ireland, where his father had several estates, the gift of Cromwell. Penn studied at Events elsewhere, however, lessened the power of Christ Church, Oxford, and while there was conhis enemies, reducing their numbers to 197,000 men. verted to Quakerism by the preaching of a disciple Jealousy existed between Joseph and his generals; of George Fox, named Thomas Loe. His enthusiasm and Wellington's position was strengthened by his for his new faith assumed a pugnacious form. appointment as commander-in-chief of the Spanish only did he object personally to attend the services and Portuguese armies. These now amounted to of the Church of England, and to wear the sur200,000 men, of which 70,000 Anglo-Portuguese plice of a student-both of which he considered had been brought into a good state of discipline. eminently papistical-but, along with some comHe again advanced eastward in the spring of 1813, panions who had also become Quakers, he attacked obliging the French to evacuate Burgos and the several of his fellow-students, and tore the obnoxious line of the Ebro. They attempted to withstand robes from their backs. For this unseemly prohim at Vittoria on 21st June, but sustained a cedure Penn was expelled from the university. crushing defeat, abandoning all their artillery, His father was so excessively annoyed at his constores, and baggage. The blockades of Pampeluna duct that he gave him a thrashing, and turned him and St Sebastian followed. Joseph, who had out of doors; but he soon afterwards relented, and quarrelled with Soult, was superseded in the sent his son to travel on the Continent, in the hope command, which was given to the latter. In that change of scene and the gaiety of French life spite, however, of great skill on his part, a series would alter the bent of his mind. They failed, of terrible battles in the Pyrenees were uniformly however, to effect this, but the youth certainly disastrous to him. St Sebastian was taken on acquired a grace and suavity of address that he did 7th October, the victory of Nivelle won on 10th not before possess. In 1666 the admiral sent him November, and Wellington enabled to base him- to Ireland to look after his estates in the county of self on the northern ports. In February 1814 Cork, which Penn did to his father's complete Bayonne was invested, on 27th Soult was defeated satisfaction; for in matters of business he was as at Orthes, and again at Toulouse on 10th April, practical an Englishman as in religion he was an which city was occupied by the British. But out-and-out mystic. In the city of Cork, however, Napoleon had already abdicated, having, after the he again fell in with Thomas Loe, and for attending disastrous Russian campaign, been overpowered by a Quaker meeting was, along with others, imthe allied forces of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, by prisoned by the mayor, but was immediately afterwhom France was invaded and Paris taken. See wards released on appealing to the lord president also articles on France, Spain, Portugal, Welling of the Council of Munster, who was personally tou, Napoleon, Soult, Masséna, Sir John Moore, acquainted with him. On his return to England, Vittoria, Badajoz, Torres Vedras, Coruña, Busaco, Penn and his father again quarrelled, because the &c.; and Sir W. Napier's History of the Peninsular 'conscience' of the former would not allow him to War (6 vols. 1828-40). take off his hat to anybody-not even to the king, the Duke of York, or the admiral himself. Penn was again turned out of doors by his perhaps testy, but assuredly provoked parent. The mother, however, stepped in, and smoothed matters so far that Penn was allowed to return home, and the admiral even exerted his influence with the government to wink at his son's attendance at the illegal conventicles of the Quakers, which nothing would thrown into the Tower, on account of a publication induce him to give up. In 1668, however, he was entitled The Sandy Foundation Shaken, in which he attacked the ordinary doctrines of the Trinity, God's satisfaction' in the death of Christ, and justification by the imputation of Christ's righteousand popular of his books, No Cross, no Crown, and While in prison he wrote the most famous Innocency with her Open Face, a vindication of These Penitential Psalms, seven of the Psalms of David, so called as being specially expressive of sorrow for sin, and accepted by Christian devotion as forms of prayer suitable for the repentant sinner. They are Psalms vi., xxxii., xxxviii., li., cii., cxxx., and exliii. according to the Authorised Version, which correspond with vi., xxxi., xxxvii., 1., ci., exxix., and exlii. of the Vulgate. Psalms have been set apart from a very early period, and are referred to as such by Origen. Pope Innocent III. ordered that they should be recited in Lent. They have a special place in the Roman Breviary, and more than one of the popes attached an indulgence to the recital of them. The most deeply penitential, and the most frequent in use, both public and private, is the 51st Psalm, or the Miserere (50th in the Vulgate). Penitentiary, the name given to one of the offices of the Papal court, and also to the dignitary (a cardinal, called Penitentiarius) who presides over it. The subjects which come under the notice of the penitentiary are all matters relating to the confessional, especially the absolution from sins and from canonical censures, reserved to the ness. himself that contributed to his liberation, which was obtained through the interference of the Duke of York. In September 1670 Admiral Penn died, leaving his son an estate of £1500 a year, together with claims upon government for £16,000. In 1671 the upright but incorrigible sectary was again committed to the Tower for preaching; the Conventicle Act did not touch the case, but, as he refused to PENN take the oath of allegiance, he was sent to Newgate for six months. Here he wrote four treatises; one of them, entitled The Great Cause of Liberty of Conscience, is an admirable defence of the doctrine of toleration. After regaining his liberty he visited Holland and Germany for the advancement of Quakerism. The Princess-Palatine Elizabeth, the granddaughter of James I., showed him particular favour. On his return he married, in the beginning of 1672, Gulielma Maria Springett, daughter of Sir William Springett, and for some years thereafter continued to propagate, by preaching and writing, the doctrines of his sect. Circumstances having turned his attention to the New World, he in 1681 obtained from the crown, in lieu of his monetary claim upon it, a grant of territory in North America. Penn wanted to call it Sylvania, on account of its forests, but the king (Charles II.) insisted on the prefix Penn in honour of his father. His great desire was to establish a home for his co-religionists in the distant West, where they might preach and practise their convictions in unmolested peace. Penn, with several friends, sailed for the Delaware in September 1682, was well received by the settlers, and in October held his famous interview with the Indian tribes, under a large elm-tree at Shackamaxon, afterwards Kensington, and now a part of Philadelphia. He planned and named the city of Philadelphia, and for two years governed the colony in the wisest, most benevolent, and liberal manner. Not only Quakers, but persecuted members of other religious sects sought refuge in his new colony, where from the first the principle of toleration was established by law. Towards the end of the reign of Charles II. Penn returned to England to exert himself in favour of his persecuted brethren at home. His influence with James II.-an old friend of his father's-was so great that many people have never felt quite satisfied about the nature of their relations. The suspicion, however, that Penn allowed himself to be used as a tool by the court is not justified by any known facts, and Macaulay-who with an ungracious animosity has urged the view of his complicity in some of the disgraceful incidents that followed Monmouth's rebellion-has been convicted of haste and inaccuracy in several important particulars. At any rate, his exertions in favour of the Quakers were so far successful that in 1686 a proclamation was issued to release all persons imprisoned on account of their religious opinions, and more than 1200 Quakers were set free. In the April following James issued an edict for the repeal of all religious tests and penalties, but the mass of Nonconformists mistrusted his sincerity, and refused to avail themselves of it. After the accession of the Prince of Orange as William III. Penn was twice accused of treason, and of corresponding with the exiled monarch, but was acquitted. In 1690 he was charged with conspiracy, but was not arrested. Nevertheless, in the following year, the charge was renewed. Nothing appears to have been done for some time, but Penn at last, through the kindly offices of his friends, Locke, Tillotson, and others, had the matter thoroughly investigated, and he was finally and honourably acquitted in 1693. In 1692 he had been deprived of his government, but it was restored to him in 1694. In the latter year his wife died, and Penn published a memoir testifying to her great virtues; but in less than two years he married again, his second wife being Hannah Callowhill, of Bristol, a Quaker lady. In 1699 he paid a second visit to the New World, where Pennsylvania required his presence to restore peace and order after the arbitrary behaviour of his deputy. His stay, which lasted two years, was marked by many useful measures, and by efforts to ameliorate the condition of both the Indians and Negroes. He departed for England towards the end of 1701, leaving the management of his affairs to an agent named Ford, whose villainy virtually ruined Penn. When the rogue died he left false claims against his master, which Penn refused to pay, allowing himself to be thrown into the Fleet in 1708. His friends afterwards procured his release, but not till his constitution was fatally impaired; for the last five years of his life his memory and understanding were greatly weakened. He died at Ruscombe, in Berkshire, July 30, 1718. The proprietary claims of his descendants were bought up by a pension of £4000, which in 1884 was commuted (see PENSIONS). See Macaulay's History of England, and J. Paget's Inquiry into the Evidence of the Charges brought by Lord Macaulay against William Penn (1858); the Life prefixed to his collected works (2 vols. 1726), and to later issues of select works;' and Lives by Clarkson (1849), (New York, 1882), and Stoughton (new ed. 1883). Hepworth Dixon (new ed. 1856), Robert J. Burdette Pennalism. See FAGGING. Pennant, THOMAS, traveller, was born of a good old Welsh family at Downing, near Holywell, Flintshire, 14th June 1726, and was educated at Wrexham, Fulham, and Hadley. In 1744 he went up to Queen's College, Oxford, but he left without taking a degree, having meanwhile, in 1746, ridden down into Cornwall-the first of his many tours. These included visits to Ireland (1754); the Continent (1765), where he made the acquaintance of Buffon and Voltaire; Scotland (1769 and 1772), which was then,' he says, 'almost as unknown as Kamchatka, but ever since has been inondée with southern visitants;' and the Isle of Man (1774), besides rambles through England and his native principality. He married twice, in 1759 and 1777; was made member of the Royal Society of Upsala, an F.R.S., and an LL.D. of Oxford; and died at Downing, 16th December 1798. From boyhood a naturalist, for years a correspondent of Linnæus, Pennant published British Zoology (1765-77), British Quadrupeds (1771), Arctic Zoology (1785), History of London (1790), &c.; but to-day he is chiefly remembered by his Tours in Scotland (3 vols. 1771-75) and Wales (2 vols. 1778-81), the former of which works extorted from Johnson the admission: 'He's a Whig, sir, a sad dog; but he's the best traveller I ever read; he observes more things than any one else does.' See the amusing Literary Life of the late Thomas Pennant, Esq., by Himself (1793), and the memoir prefixed to Professor Rhys's edition of the Tours in Wales (3 vols. Carnarvon, 1883). Fig. 1. Pennat'ula, an interesting animal whose quill or featherlike appearance is suggested by the title and by the popular name Sea-pen. It is one of the Alcyonarian Actinozoa, in the same sub-class as Dead-men's Fingers, Red Coral, Gorgonia, &c. One species (P. phos- Ventral View of Penphorea) is not uncommon at natula phosphorea moderate depths (e.g. 20 (about one-half natfathoms) round British coasts. ural size). It consists of a basal stalk, by which the animal is probably fixed upright in the mud, and of a free axis bearing numerous polypes. The whole length is about 4-6 inches; the colour is deep red, and due to pigmented spicules of lime; the living animal is brightly phosphorescent. The stalk is really a tube, and can be somewhat inflated; the polypes are fused together in sets of a dozen or so up each side of the axis. These fused sets form a series of parallel leaves, somewhat like the barbs of a feather. The median part of the axis also bears rudimentary asexual polypes ('zooids') which are not fused. The whole axis is supported by a firmly-calcified internal stem. Fig. 2. Cross section of the axis and one 'leaf' set of fused Polypes (after Marshall). The most ventral polype is longest and oldest. The sexes are separate. Among related forms Virgularia, Funiculina, and Renilla are important. See Report on Pennatulida, by A. Milnes Marshall and W. P. Marshall (Birmingham, 1882). Pennine Alps. See ALPS. Pennine Range. See GREAT BRITAIN, Vol. V. p. 373. Pennon, a small, pointed or swallow-tailed flag, borne by a medieval knight on his lance. For pennant, as well as pennon, see FLAG. Copyright 1891 in U.S. by J. B. Lippincott Company. Pennsylvania, since 1830 the second in population of the United States of America, is in shape a parallelogram, lying almost entirely between 42° and 39° 43′ 26′′ N. lat. (Mason and Dixon's Line, q.v.), and between the irregular W-shaped Delaware River and 80° 31' 36" W. long. It is about 160 miles wide and 302 miles long from east to west; in area (45,215 sq. m.) it is the twentyeighth state of the Union. In the north-western corner a triangular section extends to 42° 15' N., forming part of the western boundary of New York, and giving Pennsylvania about 45 miles of coast on Lake Erie, with an excellent harbour at Erie. The Appalachian (q.v.) system of mountains crosses Pennsylvania from north-east to southwest. It here attains its greatest breadth, but none of the ridges reach any great altitude, though a few peaks among the Alleghanies attain a height of more than 2500 feet. Between the Blue or Kittatinny Mountains on the east and the higher Alleghany range on the west lie numerous minor forest-clad chains, interspersed with picturesque valleys, many of them rendered exceedingly fertile by the limestone bed which produces their soil. The surface of the state is naturally divided into three sections, the low district south-east of the mountains, the mountainous region, and the broken hilly plateau in the west. The triangular southeastern part of the state consists of a narrow level plain near the Delaware River, with an elevation of not more than 100 feet above the sea, merging into a higher rolling region which extends to the base of the mountains. From Canada to the southern limit of the Appalachians extends an almost continuous valley, lying east of the main ranges, and separated from the coast region by the skirting south-eastern ridge. This 'great valley' is through PENNSYLVANIA out its whole extent protected by a southern or eastern wall, except in Pennsylvania, where, through a break of about 50 miles, the Cumberland Valley is without a barrier toward the sea, and the fertile calcareous soil spreads out over Lancaster and parts of York, Berks, and Chester counties, making this one of the best farming regions of the country. The mountain region covers a belt which in places is more than 100 miles in width, and embraces about one-fourth of the area of the state. More than twenty ranges have been named, and the whole region is justly celebrated for its scenery. The rivers have in various places cut gaps through the ridges, thus affording passages for travel and commerce. Many of these water-gaps are exceedingly picturesque, and are much visited by tourists. The western plateau region comprises about one-half the area of the state; it is crossed by a few ridges, contains some isolated peaks, and is deeply furrowed by watercourses. Much of this section is heavily wooded. The geology of Pennsylvania is particularly remarkable on account of the great development of the different periods of the Paleozoic era. The formations in the south-eastern part of the state are in dispute, but the vicinity of Philadelphia is generally admitted to be Archæan, and a little farther north is a belt of Quaternary alluvium. The Silurian deposits, which extend along the Hudson River in New York, continue into Pennsylvania and form the Kittatinny Mountains. The Devonian area of New York also covers a large part of the northern and north-eastern portion of Pennsylvania. West of the Kittatinnies the mountains present alternate Silurian and Devonian formations. West of the Alleghanies, throughout the great bituminous coalfields, the rocks are mainly conglomerate. The mountains and the western plateau region were originally highly elevated tracts, and have suffered to a vast extent from erosion. They have contributed nearly all the material for building up the lowland regions of New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia, and for the formation of the Lower Mississippi valley. The geological disturbances have been greatest and most frequent in the eastern part of the state, where the beds of anthracite coal occur at all angles and in some cases in a vertical position, whereas the bituminous coal-beds of the western field are nearly horizontal. The breaking of the strata and the enormous pressure to which the eastern coal-deposits have been subjected has resulted in giving Pennsylvania the most valuable anthracite basins of the country. It is a notable fact that the percentage of gas in the coal regularly increases from the eastern ranges to the western coal-measures. Although Pennsylvania is one of the richest mineral regions of the world, there is no department of her mineral wealth in which she exercises such exclusive control as in her deposits of anthracite coal. The bituminous coal is excellent in quality and variety, and the amount is practically inexhaustible, but the western coalfields are only part of a vast deposit which extends west ward and southward into adjoining states. The iron ore which has contributed so materially to her wealth and prosperity is mined from an extensive belt which reaches on the north to Canada and on the south to Alabama. Even the petroleum and natural gas which are such important products of western Pennsylvania are found in other sections; but as yet her anthracite coal-basins are without a rival. The anthracite tract covers an area of 472 sq. m., and is situated in the highland district between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers. The most important deposits lie in three great fields, known as the southern, middle, and |