to bless and keep you, and rest, your loving | Mrs. Winthrop's safe arrival, and on the mother, MARGARET WINTHROP. 17th, Bradford, the Governor of Plymouth, "I received the things you sent down by came to Boston to offer congratulations at the carrier this week, and thank my daugh- the wooden house two stories high, which ter for my band."

had been erected for the first lady in the colony.

cheered him amidst the difficulties and hardship, and toils and dangers and sacrifice, that had to be encountered amidst the forests of the New World." When jealousy and suspicion occasionally dogged him, as it does all public men, "he had the comfort to know that in his own home there was one always the same, always true to him, whoever else might be faithless or change; and sustained by her presence and sympathy, he maintained his tranquillity, undisturbed

Mrs. Winthrop sailed from England in August, 1631, in the ship Lion. She had Her high position was worthily occupied. for her fellow-passengers her step-son, John," She was perhaps wellnigh as useful in a and his wife Mary, and her own four chil- private way as he was in his more public dren-Stephen, Dean, Samuel, and Anne. and extended sphere. She sustained and John Eliot, the celebrated apostle of the Massachusetts Indians, was also on board, and other families, consisting in all of about sixty persons. They had plenty of good food, and lost none of their number except two children, one of which was little Anne Winthrop, aged a year and a half, who died after they had been a week at sea. The voyage lasted ten weeks. They reached Natascot on the 2d of November; and on the 3d the wind being contrary, the vessel stopped at Long Island. Modern readers by the fickleness of others, and continued will remember that here it was that poor Margaret Fuller was drowned, two hundred and twenty years later. Between Governor Winthrop's wife and the intellectual heroine of Massachusetts, what a strange gulf! Such touches of vivid contrast mark the change of nations more sharply than an historical

essay.

At Long Island John Winthrop went on shore, and in the evening the Governor came on board, and husband and wife were reunited. The next morning, the wind becoming favorable, the ship again set sail, and cast anchor before Boston.

unceasingly in his exertions to advance the welfare of the plantation, even when these exertions were undervalued or ill requited."

Though brought up in the enjoyment of all the luxuries and elegances of life that wealth could provide, Mr. and Mrs. Winthrop now denied themselves many of these, which even in the colony they might have had, that they might set before others an example of Christian frugality and moderation, and might exercise a more abundant liberality towards those who were in need. They supplied almost daily some of their neighbors with food from their table. Their house was a temple of piety, and no family was more regular than theirs in attendance upon the duties of public worship.

When Mrs. Winthrop landed, the infant colony did its best to show her honor. The ship fired seven cannon shot; the "captains with their companies, in arms, formed a In the theological controversies which guard to attend them, and honored them shook the colony in its early days she took with volleys of shot and the firing of three no part; but her husband was involved in artillery pieces." The people from the ad- the proceedings which were entered into joining plantation sent abundant stores of against Mrs. Hutchinson and her party, who provisions, as fat hogs, kids, venison, poul- happened at one time to enjoy popular favor. try, geese, and partridges, so that the simple The story of these commotions is well told resources of gunpowder and cookery were in the same book from which this little mebrought into play with much effect. "The moir has been abridged, and to it we refer like joy," says her husband, "and manifesta- the reader. tions of love had never been seen before in New England. It was a great marvel that so much people and such store of provisions could be gathered together at so few hours' warning." On the 11th of November, a day of thanksgiving was observed at Boston for

The following note, dated "Sad Boston, 1637," during a temporary absence of Winthrop, shows the wife's mingled feelings:

"DEAR IN MY THOUGHTS,-I blush to think how much I have neglected the opportunity of presenting my love to you. Sad thoughts

possess my spirits, and I cannot repulse the next morning. On the morrow she was them; which makes me unfit for anything, carried to the grave amidst the deep sorrow wondering what the Lord means by all these of her husband and family, and the regrets troubles among us. Sure I am that all shall of the colony. Her place of sepulture was on the north side of that field which Winthrop's company had selected as a buryingplace soon after their arrival. It still exists, and is known as the "Stone Chapel Graveyard," where many of the early Puritans were laid to rest.

This quaint little history of a Puritan ma

work to the best to them that love God, or rather are loved of him. I know he will bring light out of obscurity, and make his righteousness shine forth as clear as the noonday. Yet I find in myself an adverse spirit, and a trembling heart, not so willing to submit to the will of God as I desire, There is a time to plant, and a time to pull up that which is planted, which I could desire might not be yet. But the Lord know-tron has reminded the writer of one of the eth what is best, and his will be done. But I will write no more. Hoping to see thee to-morrow, my best affections being commended to yourself, the rest of our friends at Newton, I commit thee to God. Your loving wife,

"MARGARET WINTHROP."

most touching incidents of family piety ever beheld, not far from the very part of England whence the Winthrops emigrated two hundred years ago. In an old church at Colchester are some antique monuments and brasses of a family of the name of Sears, or Sayers. Ruffs, doublets, and trunk hose, mark the date of some of these, and black letter inscriptions carry back the reader farther still into the middle ages of England. But a couple of centuries back the Sears dis appear-the old church knew them no more. Only on a modern brass plate let into the wall are the names, the ages, and the places of burial, of a line of Sayers who died in New England; some lie at Mount Auburn, some here, some there, in localities well known to us through American history and

Mrs. Winthrop lived sixteen years after her emigration. She died in 1646 of an epidemic sickness prevalent among Indians, English, French, and Dutch alike, in the summer of that year. It first seized its victims by a cold, and was accompanied by a slight fever. Such as were bled and used cooling drinks died; those who had recourse to invigorating and cherishing remedies for the most part recovered, and that in a few days. No family quite escaped it, though romance—and underneath are words whose few died; but among these, "in this sickness, the Governor's wife, daughter of Sir John Tindal, Knight, left this world for a better, being about fifty-six years of age, a woman of singular virtue, prudence, modesty, and piety, and especially beloved and honored of all the country." She fell sick on the 13th of June in the afternoon, and died

exact arrangement we cannot recall, but which tell how a living son of New England had piously sought out the half-obliterated tombs of his forefathers, and since the graves of the household were scattered far away upon the shores of another continent, he had at least brought the record of their memories home.

66

THE SOUL MADE VISIBLE.-Every one On the other hand, no man can lead a gor knows that in every human face there is an mandizing, sordid, or licentious life, and still impalpable, immaterial something, which we wear a countenance hallowed and sanctified with call "expression," which seems to be, as it were, a halo of peace and joy. Around such great "the soul made visible." Where minds live in manufacturing towns as Birmingham in Engthe region of pure thoughts and happy emotions, land, or Pittsburg in this country, where bituthe felicities and sanctities of the inner temple minous coal is used, you will find the roses in shine out through the mortal tenement, and the flower-beds and the strawberries and grapes play over it like lambent flame. The incense on the vines blackened and defiled by a foul makes the whole altar sweet; and we can under-deposit from a thousand chimneys. Thus do stand what the poet means when he says that

"Beauty born of murmuring sound
Shall pass into her face."

obscene, profane, and irreverent men scatter their grime and stench upon the innocence and beauty around them, but most deeply and foully upon themselves.-Horace Mann.

From The Saturday Review. DISCOVERIES IN THE SWISS LAKES.

number of human beings had once had their dwellings supported over the water by the stakes. Curiosity having been once aroused, researches were prosecuted not only at

IT is rather strange that the surprising archæological discoveries made of late years in the Swiss Lakes should be all but un- Obemeilen, where the first discovery was known in this country. The marvels of made, but all over Switzerland. It was tropical Africa would appear to be more fa- gradually established that the mud near the miliar to us than the wonders of the Lakes shore of almost every single Swiss lake supof Zurich and Constance; and people who plied similar evidence. At some primeval are positively excited on the question of the period a population of very considerable denexact relationship of the gorilla to the hu- sity was shown to have lived in huts conman race seem ignorant or careless of the structed on stages which rested on wooden fact that more evidence has been collected supports driven into the bed, just as the in the centre of Europe, during the last nine Malays in Borneo and the Siamese at Bangor ten years, respecting the most ancient kok may be seen living to this day. A woncondition of mankind than was ever sus-derful number of articles pertaining to the pected to exist or dreamed of before. The daily life of these forgotten races have been peculiar isolation of Switzerland has, per- brought to light. In some places, the matehaps, a great deal to do with the singular rials of the dwellings have been preserved want of curiosity on the subject that pre- in the mud-the floor of hardened earth and vails throughout Europe. The Swiss them- the twisted branches and bark which formed selves are loud in their complaints that, while the walls. Arms have been discovered in their country is yearly traversed from end to end by foreigners, and while not even the ice and snow on their mountain-peaks are left unexplored, their literature, their political state, and their social condition create less interest than those of the smallest German principality. It is at all events true that the wonderful additions to archæological knowledge to which we are about to call attention remain a secret to all but a small circle, and a paper on the subject, which has recently appeared in the Revue des Deux Mondes, probably gives them their first chance of European celebrity.

great quantities, tools from saws in flint to needles in bone, ornaments, children's toys, the remains of stored-up fruit of various kinds-nay even a cellar or receptacle full of corn, and a loaf of bread composed of bruised grain, and preserved by carbonization. By the side of these relics are found the bones of the animals whom they slew in the chase, many belonging to species extinct before the rise of history or barely mentioned in it. The urus, the bison, the elk, and the beaver, furnished them with food and with the materials for some of their most ingeniously constructed utensils. So plentiful and perfect are the remains found in the Lakes that much more has been learned concerning the daily life and manners of men whose existence was not suspected ten years ago, than is known of races which have left a famous name in history or tradition.

The peasants who dwell on the shores of the Lakes of Switzerland had often stated that, at a short distance from the land, rows of stakes might be seen through the water, emerging from the mud of the bed. No interest was, however, attracted to this phenomenon till about eight years since. At It is no doubt startling at first sight that the end of 1853, the waters of the Lake of these archæological treasures should have Zurich sank considerably, and the thrifty been preserved in water rather than on land. proprietors of land on the bank proceeded at once to add to their estates the portion of the lake-bed left bare, by constructing permanent dykes against the return of the water. While these works were being carried on, a row, or rather a system, of stakes was discovered at some little depth below the surface. Excavations were begun at this spot, and the result was to disinter a great variety of objects which proved that a large

But, now that the mud has given up its contents, it is not difficult for us to understand the service it has rendered. The truth is that the causes which help to conceal from us the monuments of our predecessors operate with far greater energy on land than in water such as fills the Swiss Lakes. The reason why the relics of former generations are comparatively scarce is not that they are destroyed so much as that they are buried.

Rubbish and dust are, in short, the great of inferences which may be drawn from the obscurers of the past. When successive generations continue to inhabit the same spot, each buries not only the bodies but the whole life of its predecessors. Rome is built on countless strata composed of former cities, and not a few destroyed Londons support the London of the present moment. Even when a town or village is once for all deserted, the process of destruction is rapid. Rain and wind level the walls, dust is whirled into the hollows, buildings melt together, and nothing but a protuberance on the plain remains to mark the side of a Babylon or a Nineveh. If, then, this is the fate of cities built in stone or brick, it ceases to be wonderful that monuments of the older races who made their dwellings of wood, or, still earlier, of wattled branches, should have altogether disappeared on land. The interest of the Swiss discoveries arises from the mitigation, in this particular instance, of the destroying forces. The materials and contents of the huts doubtless sank into the lake from the piles on which they rested, and lay on the bottom in an undistinguishable heap. The belief, indeed, of the Swiss antiquaries is that they were violently destroyed at various epochs. But the water into which they fell was still and calm. It did not wash them away, but year after year deposited over them a coat of mud, infinitely thinner and softer than the layers of rubbish which cover the memorials of a later time. The bed of each of these Lakes is known, in fact, from independent observations to be slowly rising; and, since the recent discoveries, attempts have been made to calculate the rate of its elevation, so as to derive approximately the age of the remains from the depth at which they are found. Some fragments of a Roman construction in the lake at Yverdun, of which the date is known, have supplied the basis of a calculation which has carried back the existence of the most ancient inhabitants of Switzerland to fifteen centuries at the least before the Christian era.

The Swiss antiquaries would not be men of their day if they had not constructed a minute and detailed history of the race they have unburied. Their pursuits, their religions, and their revolutions are boldly described by their discoverers. Soberer inquirers will limit considerably the number

remains. These extinct populations may be believed to have been partly agricultural, but their chief subsistence was derived no doubt from hunting. They had some regular industrial pursuits, for fragments of rude pottery have been found on several sites. That they were engaged in perpetual war is tolerably certain from the quantity of weapons found, and from the very circumstance of their securing themselves from surprise by building their villages on piles in the water. Certain of the monuments seem to have had a religious character, and to betoken some kind of religious belief. As to their history, the only evidence for creating it is identical with that which enables us to infer a certain progress among all the primeval races of Europe. Among the extinct populations of Switzerland, as in those of other parts of Europe, there was an age of flint, an age of bronze, and an age of iron. In certain villages, situated chiefly in Eastern Switzerland, all the utensils are of flint, fashioned by observing the natural cleavage, and the wood used bears the marks of the rude tools which had been long and painfully employed in cutting it. Other sites contain articles of bronze, and the pottery here found is less rude than that discovered among the population of the age of flint; it even presents some traces of a rough ornamentation. The plentifulness of bronze at such a time and in this part of Europe is not a little curious. Both the tin and the copper which compose it must have been brought from a great distance, and their presence singularly confirms Sir G. C. Lewis' theory of the antiquity of the overland trade from Britain through Gaul, more particularly as ornaments of coral and amber are found in villages of the same apparent age. The last of the eras indicated is that of iron. Ancient tools and other articles of iron are abundant in Western Switzerland, and exactly resemble those found in Gaul.

There is a fair probability that the three ages succeeded each other in the order in which they are usually placed. It is likely that human skill was first exercised on stone, and more than probable that the metals earliest used were copper and tin, both of which are distinguished for the ease with which they are obtained, particularly until

by the men of iron. No doubt most of the villages were violently destroyed when they ceased to be inhabited, but why attribute to enemies with iron weapons what may quite as well have been done by foes armed with

the surface supply is exhausted. The diffi- to be afterwards in their turn extinguished culty arising from the fact of their being found in very few localities is diminished when the antiquity of the trade in them is assumed on independent grounds. The uses of iron, the most widely diffused but the hardest to work of the metals, might be ex-flint? In justice, however, to the Swiss pected to be last of all discovered by man- theory, it must be added that the men of kind. The heroes of Homer, for instance, iron appear from their instruments to have lived chiefly in the age of bronze, but had been a Celtic race from Gaul, and from the hardly entered on that of iron. Whether, size of their ornaments to have possessed so far as the Swiss races are concerned, the larger and stronger frames than the earlier three eras succeeded each other abruptly, or populations. As the Helvetians of history melted gradually into one another, is a are known to have been a Celtic race, they question which there is little or no evidence may have been the invaders in question, to decide. The antiquaries of Switzerland who, after extirpating an aboriginal people, insist that they can trace two great revolu- may have continued to occupy the country tions. The men of bronze suddenly invaded down to Roman times. the country and extirpated the men of flint,

Lyrical Compositions selected from the Italian Poets, with Translations, by James Glassford, Esq., of Dougalston. He was an advocate at the Scottish Bar, and the author of various legal and literary works. The following is his version of Guarini's madrigaļ:—

"This is mortal life,
Seeming so fair, is like a feather tossed,
Borne on the wind, and in a moment lost.
Or, if with sudden wheel, it flies
Farther sometimes, and upward springs,

And then upon its wings
Sustained in air, as if self-balanced lies,
The lightness of its nature is the cause;

SECOND MARRIAGES IN IRELAND.-The Irish do not hold it strictly right for either man or woman to marry again; and if a woman does so, she prefaces it with an apology: "It's a father I was forced to put over his children, because I had no way for them, God help them; and this man, ye see, says, 'Mary,' says he, 'I have full plenty for them, and the Lord above, he knows it's justice I'll do them, and never hinder your prayers for the man ye lost, or anything in rason, or out of rason either; and troth he kept his word wonderful." And the neighbors of the married widower apologize for him after this fashion: "Well, to be sure, we must consider he had a whole handful of soft children, and no one to turn round on the floor, or do a hand's turn for him; so it's small blame for him, after all." Or they condemn: "Yarra haish! to see an old struckdown like that set himself up with a young wife, and grown-up daughters in his house! To think of the hardness of him-passing the churchyard where the poor heart that loved him and his children is powdering into dust, passing the grave where the grass isn't yet long, with the slip of a girleen PRONUNCIATION OF PROPER NAMES.-It has in the place of her with the thoughtful head and often been remarked that the ancient pronunthe heavy hand. Oh, bedad! she'll punish him, ciation of proper names is commonly retained I'll engage; and I'm glad of it." They are in spite of all orthographical changes. Thus more angry with a woman for a second mar- Castle Hedingham, in Essex, is now usually proriage than with a man, and certainly never con-nounced by the natives Heningham, which was sider a second union as holy as the first.-Mrs. the old way of spelling that name.-Notes and Hall's "Ireland."

And swiftly, after little pause,
With thousand turns, and thousand idle stops,
Because it is of earth to earth it drops."

| Queries.

W. J. D.