dozen warriors, among them Steamboat Frank, Shacknasty Jim, Bogus Charley, and Hooker Jim. The band proved to be mainly Cottonwood Creek Indians, who under accumulating reverses had tired of danger and hardships. Not content with abandoning their comrades, the above leading spirits actually volunteered to aid in capturing Jack, who with twenty braves had pushed eastward to Willow creek. Guided by these renegades, captains Jackson and Hasbrouck came so close upon the fugitives that several of their squaws were secured. After being pursued to Langell valley, half their number surrendered, including Scarface Charley Jack availed himself of the parley to hasten away, only to be intercepted by a detachment under Captain Perry, to whom he gave himself up on June 1st together with a few followers. Nearly all the remainder were gathered in during the following three days. Thus ended the six months' campaign of the Modocs, which cost the government one third of a million in dollars, exclusive of pay and equipment of troops, and a casualty of one hundred soldiers, killed and wounded, not counting hapless settlers and their heavy losses in property. Of the eighty warriors who started the war, fifty survived, with over a hundred women and children. General Davis was ordered to try the captives by court-martial, regardless of the demand by Oregon for the surrender of certain murderers among them to her civil authorities for trial. Meanwhile a band of Hot Creek Indians, under transmission to Boyle's camp, were attacked by masked men and four of them shot. No investigation followed this cowardly deed. The court-martial, which sat between the 5th and 9th of July, condemned to death Captain Jack, Boston Charley, Sconchin, Black Jim, Watch-in-tate, and Sloluck. The sentence of the last two was commuted to imprisonment for life at Alcatraz, where they died; the other four expiated their crimes on October 3d, at Fort Klamath. The renegades who had assisted to capture them were granted their lives, yet two of these were ringleaders, and the worst characters in the band. The remnant of the Modocs, one hundred and fifty-five, including forty-two males, were moved to Indian territory, under the chieftainship of Scarfaced Charley, their most cultured representative. School and agricultural training has made them gentle and nearly self-sustaining. Old Sconchin remains with his peaceable followers on the Oregon reservation. Whatever the opinion concerning Modoc character and claims, a certain admiration must be accorded to the stubborn determination of the band, and its success in so long resisting with a mere handful of warriors the overwhelming military forces, supported by a wide-spread community bitterly hostile to Indians. The country was favorable to guerilla warfare, however. The Modocs were acquainted with every foot of the ground, and used to a flitting forest life, while the troops were hampered not alone by inexperience in this respect, but by rigid regulations unduly enforced by officers with deficient training for such service. The former had, moreover, secret allies among the apparently neutral tribes of the region, which were only too glad to aim an indirect blow at the white invaders. Nor were traders lacking, or even officials, who found it to their interest to prolong the campaign. Once started on the war-path, the Indians were prompted both by fear of vengeance and by the hope for some happy turn of affairs to persevere. Eastern people, safe in their seclusion, could not understand the danger and suffering of pioneers with wives and children and scanty means, exposed to the mercy of exasperated natives. They felt inclined rather to sympathize with a brave minority apparently fighting for hearth and home, for existence, against ruthless frontiermen and soldiers, intent alone on usurpation and glory. Their representations before an administration equally unconscious of the real state of affairs brought about the issue of instructions which tied the hands of both settlers and troops, and were the principal cause for the prolongation of the war and the many attendant misfortunes. CHAPTER XX. SOME CHINESE EPISODES. Bom.-So have I heard on Afric's burning shore And the first lion thought the last a bore. -Bombastes Furioso. IN the annals of our coast there is no fouler blot than the outrages perpetrated at various times and places upon Indians, Mexicans, and Chinese. Viewed from any standpoint the aspect is revolting. As a free and forward nation we fling over the walls of a close despotism sentiments which would have disgraced feudalism. As a progressive people we reveal a race prejudice intolerable to civilization; as Christians we are made to blush beside the heathen Asiatic; as just and humane men we slaughter the innocent and vie with red-handed savages in deeds of atrocity. Let the diabolism rest where it belongs, with unprincipled demagogues and our imported rulers from the lower social strata of Europe; such is surely not the sentiment of true, high-minded American citizens. It is infamy enough for our people to bear, that such things are permitted in our midst. Since our first occupation of these shores the better class of citizens. from the eastern United States have discountenanced impositions upon foreigners. The foreigners themselves, and chief among them the low Irish, are the ones who must bear the blame. To question a right guaranteed by constitution and treaty, to punish the innocent, to prosecute the unoffending, cruelly to en CAL. INT. Poc. 36 (561) tertain the weak, and despitefully to treat the poor is no part of Anglo-American character. I have yet to find the first instance where atrocities upon the Chinese were not condemned by the community, by ninetenths of them, and by those who opposed by every fair and humane means the presence of Asiatics in our midst. Accursed be the day that made from the distempered slums of European cess-pools the first American citizen, and gave him power so to influence for evil our politics! Prominent among the outrages in California upon the Chinese are those at Los Angeles in 1871, and in Chico in 1877. There are thousands of minor impositions, from the stoning of a pig-tail by school boys, to the massacre of a Chinese mining-camp by badblooded diggers, many of which I have given elsewhere, but most of which were unrecorded, save by the avenging angel. Yet these two instances illustrate the extreme to which this spoliation has been carried in California. Negro Alley was the Barbary Coast or Chinatown of Los Angeles. The alley itself was a small street connecting this hotbed of human depravity with the business portion of the city. The two quarters, so near and yet so socially distant, were in marked contrast, as marked as the Five Points and Broadway, or as St Giles and Piccadilly; old-fashioned, low, one-storied, whitewashed, tiled, windowless adobe buildings standing amidst filthy and unkept surroundings characterizing the one, and brick warehouses, banks, and gay shops the other. The denizens of Negro Alley comprised the dregs of the nations. Asiatic, African, and European, Latin and Indian there lived in unholy association, and for vocation followed thieving and murder. This was the nest, the city quarters of that large fraternity of crime that fed on southern California, Arizona, and northern Mexico. It was the rendezvous of bandit, burglar, petty thief, and gentlemanly highwayman, of men of all |