Population: A Study in Malthusianism, 第 63 巻、第 3 号Columbia University, 1915 - 216 ページ |
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acreage production Acres agriculture amount Argentina articles of food Austria average birth rate Bulgaria capital cent changes chapter checks civilization Coffee kilogs countries crease crops cwts data given death rate decline diminishing returns estimate Expressed in thousands farms Fish kilogs food supply France fruit given for 1870 growth of population Horses Hungary Ibid immigrants Imports and Exports increase in value increase of population increase Production index numbers industries Italy land Livestock Maize Malthus Malthusian means of subsistence nations natural increase Newsholme number of emigrants numbers for prices percentages of increase period popu Potatoes present production of cereals purchasing power quantity rapid increase rapidly rate of increase rate of natural retail prices Rubinow Russia Russia in Europe Sheep standard of living staples Statistical Abstract Sugar kilogs surplus Swine TABLE Thirteenth Census tion Total value United Kingdom Uruguay value of imports western world
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356 ページ - Population invariably increases where the means of subsistence increase, unless prevented by some very powerful and obvious checks. 3. These checks, and the checks which repress the superior power of population, and keep its effects on a level with the means of subsistence, are all resolvable into moral restraint, vice, and misery.
355 ページ - The positive checks to population are extremely various, and include every cause, whether arising from vice or misery, which in any degree contributes to shorten the natural duration of human life.
354 ページ - But this ultimate check is never the immediate check, except in cases of actual famine. The immediate check may be stated to consist in all those customs, and all those diseases, which seem to be generated by a scarcity of the means of subsistence ; and all those causes, independent of this scarcity, whether of a moral or physical nature, which tend prematurely to weaken and destroy the human frame.
357 ページ - The checks which repress the superior power of population, and keep its effects on a level with the means of subsistence, are all resolvable into moral restraint, vice and misery. It should be observed, that, by an increase in the means of subsistence, is here meant such an increase as will enable the mass of the society to command more food. An increase might certainly take place, which in the actual state of a particular society would not be distributed to the lower classes, and consequently would...
359 ページ - This constant effort as constantly tends to subject the lower classes of society to distress ; and to prevent any great permanent melioration of their condition.
360 ページ - ... depends upon the relative proportions between population and food, and not on the absolute number of people. In the former part of this work it appeared, that the countries which possessed the fewest people, often suffered the most from the effects of the principle of population...
354 ページ - ... perhaps, among seven or eight, without feeling a doubt whether, if he follow the bent of his inclinations, he may be able to support the offspring which he will probably bring into the world. In a state of equality, if such can exist, this would be the simple question. In the present state of society other considerations occur. Will he not lower his rank in life, and be obliged to give up in great measure his former habits? Does any mode of employment present itself by which he may reasonably...
355 ページ - ... degradation in the community? And may he not be reduced to the grating necessity of forfeiting his independence, and of being obliged to the sparing hand of Charity for support?
354 ページ - But man cannot look around him, and see the distress which frequently presses upon those who have large families; he cannot contemplate his present possessions or earnings, which he now nearly...
361 ページ - On the whole, therefore, though our future prospects respecting the mitigation of the evils arising from the principle of population may not be so bright as we could wish, yet they are far from being entirely disheartening, and by no means preclude that gradual and progressive improvement in human society which, before the late wild speculations oa this subject, was the object of rational expectation.