Porter.

gates of cities and of king's palaces places of assembly in connection with the affairs of government and of the administration of justice. In the Byzantine empire this custom was adopted, and the term was transferred from the high gate of the imperial palace to the government whose authority was there exercised. The Turks found the term in common use among the Byzantines some time previous to their establishment at Constantinople, and adopted it on the organization of their empire. The use, among European nations, of the French term sublime porte ("lofty gate") is accounted for by the fact that French is the language of European diplomacy.

PORT ELIZABETH, an important sea-port of s. Africa, commercial capital of the eastern province of the British colony of the cape of Good Hope, stands on the western shore of Algoa bay (q. v.), in lat. about 34° s., long. 25° 35' east. Many of the streets are elegant. One range of houses, consisting of four streets, which will bear comparison with the best streets in England, forms a continuous line 2 m. in length. In the style of its buildings, this town is superior to any other in s. Africa. Its magnificent warehouses are constructed on a palatial scale, and resemble the finest in London, and its public buildings are all solid and substantial edifices. The principal are the town-house, 90 ft. square and three stories high, containing the public library, the Athenæum, and the municipal chambers; the public hospital, furnished with 100 beds; the Presbyterian and other churches, and the Roman Catholic cathedral. Its educational institutions are of a superior description. In 1854, under the auspices of governor sir George Grey, a system of schools was introduced known as the Grey institute schools, founded on a magnificent grant of town-lands, lately yielding a revenue of over £1000 per annum, and which affords a very excellent education at a very moderate charge. The chief of these are a high-school or college, and three elementary or district training-school.

The town was founded in 1820, and the census of 1865 showed the population of the municipality of Port Elizabeth to be 8,700; in 1878 it was close on 14,000. Port Eliza beth has made more rapid advancement than any other town in the colony; and the inhabitants are particularly notable for their enterprise and business energy. It owes its commercial importance in great part to the circumstance of its being the emporium of the great wool trade of the colony; and besides this it carries on a rapidly increasing home and foreign trade. The transactions of its four banks are extensive. Two lines of railway run inland from Port Elizabeth. The imports are valued at near £1,500,000 a year, and the exports about £2,000,000. As much as thirty or forty millions of pounds of wool may be exported in one year. The other colonial exports fall mainly under the heads of skins, hides, horns, ivory, and feathers.

The shore is open to the swell of the Indian ocean, which often rolls in upon the beach with such violence that, until recently, cargoes could only be got to land by the use of surf-boats. Kaffirs, tempted by the high pay offered, used to come from a great distance to do the difficult and dangerous work of unloading the boats. But this system of landing is now in great measure done away with, and ships now unload at several jetties. A break-water has been constructed, and there are three lights for the direction of vessels.

PORTER, a kind of malt liquor which came into use in London in 1722. According to Leigh, “the malt liquors previously in use were ale, beer, and twopenny, and it was customary to call for a pint or tankard of half-and-half-i.e., half of ale and half of beer, half of ale and half of twopenny, or half of beer and half of twopenny. In the course of time it also became the practice to ask for a pint or tankard of three-thirds [or, as it became corrupted, three threads], meaning a third each of ale, beer, and twopenny; and thus the publican was obliged to go to three casks for a single pint of liquor. To avoid this trouble and waste, a brewer of the name of Harwood conceived the idea of making a liquor which should partake of the united flavors of ale, beer, and twopenny. He did so, and succeeded, calling it entire, or entire butt beer, meaning that it was drawn entirely from one cask or butt; and being a hearty nourishing liquor, it was very suitable for porters and other working people. Hence it obtained the name of porter, and was first retailed at the Blue Last, Curtain Road, Shoreditch." The chief characteristics of porter are its dark-brown color, peculiar bitter flavor, and agreeable freshness in drinking. Until within the last twenty years it was generally brewed with malt roasted until slightly brown; now, however, under the improved system of brewing, pale malt, with the addition of some highly roasted, for the sake of color only, is used. Enormous quantities are brewed by the London brewers. A kind much stronger than ordinary porter is also extensively brewed in London, Dublin, and elsewhere, under the name of stout. The name porter is now seldom used in England, beer being the general designation.

PORTER, a co. in n.w. Indiana, bounded by lake Michigan on the n., and drained by the Calumet and Kankakee rivers, the latter its s. limit; intersected by the Baltimore and Ohio, the Fort Wayne and Chicago, the Chicago and Lake Huron, and the Lake Shore and Michigan railroads; 420 sq.m.; pop. '80, 17,229-13,353 of American birth. The surface is a rolling prairie and produces corn, hay, wheat, and oats. Co. seat, Valparaiso.

PORTER, ALBERT G. See page 880.

PORTER, ANDREW, 1743-1813; b. Penn.; before the revolution was a schoolteacher, but in 1776 was made a capt. of marines and served on the Effingham. He

afterward joined the artillery, was noted as a scientific gunner, and was engaged in the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Brandywine, and Germantown, receiving the personal commendation of Washington on the field of battle. He was made maj. in 1782 and later col. In 1779 he was with Sullivan's expedition against the Indians; subsequently held high offices in the state militia, but declined to accept the rank of brig.gen. and office of secretary of war, tendered him by president Madison at the outbreak of the war of 1812.

PORTER, DAVID, 1780-1843; b. Boston; entered the navy as midshipman in 1798, served on board the Constellation in the fight with the Insurgente in 1799, and was made a lieut. for his gallant conduct. He held two or three commands in the Tripoli troubles; was twice wounded, and in 1803 made prisoner and detained for 18 months. In 1806, while in command of the Enterprise, he defeated 12 Spanish gunboats which attacked him near Gibraltar. At the beginning of the war of 1812 he was made a capt. and assigned to the Essex, a frigate of 32 guns. He took the Alert, the first ship-of-war captured in the war; the Nocton, having a large amount of gold on board; and many trading vessels. In 1814, while lying in Valparaiso, a neutral port, the Essex was attacked by two frigates, the Phabe and Cherub, carrying in all 64 guns, and defeated, after a heroic resistance, with a loss of 58 killed, 66 wounded, and 31 missing. In 1815 he was one of the navy commissioners and held the office until 1823, when he was sent to the gulf of Mexico to suppress piracy. Indignant at insults to the American flag at Porto Rico, he demanded an apology and by threats of force obtained one from the authorities. For this he was recalled, court-martialed, and sentenced to suspension for 6 months. In 1826 he resigned, and for a short time was connected with the Mexican navy, but in 1829 became U. S. consul at Algiers. From 1831 to 1843 he held diplomatic positions at Constantinople, and negotiated treaties of importance. He wrote Constantinople and its Environs (1835).

PORTER, DAVID D., Admiral of the American navy, son of commodore David Porter, who commanded the Essex frigate in the war of 1812, b. Philadelphia about 1805, entered the navy as midshipman in 1829, serving under commodores Biddle and Patti son, passed his examination in 1835, was employed from 1836 to 1841 in the survey of the coast of the United States; in 1841 appointed as lieut. to the frigate Congress, and employed 4 years on the Mediterranean and Brazil stations; in 1845 transferred to the national observatory at Washington, and during the Mexican war, to the naval rendezvous at New Orleans; again to the coast-survey, and from 1849 to 1853 engaged in command of the California mail-steamers. At the commencement of the war of 1861 he was appointed, with the rank of commander, to the steam sloop-of-war Powhatan, and ordered to Pensacola; distinguished himself in the capture of New Orleans, and commanded the gunboat and mortar flotilla which co-operated with the squadron of admiral Farragut in the first attack upon Vicksburg. In 1863 he aided in the second and successful bombardment, and subsequently commanded the naval forces in James river, and in the attacks upon fort Fisher, captured at the second attack. At the termination of the war, he was appointed superintendent and president ex officio of the U. S. naval academy, Annapolis. He was made vice-admiral in 1866, and in 1870 he became admiral, a rank which carries with it the command of the whole U. S. navy, subject only to the president.

PORTER, EBENEZER, D.D., 1772-1834; b. Conn.; graduated at Dartmouth college in 1792; studied theology at Bethlehem, Conn.; became in 1796 pastor of the Congrega tional church at Washington, Conn.; in 1812 professor of sacred rhetoric in Andover theological seminary, and in 1827 its president, retaining the positions until his death. He published Young Preacher's Manual; Analysis of Vocal Inflections; Analysis of the Principles of Rhetorical Delivery; Rhetorical Reader and Exercises; Lectures on Homileticks and Preaching, and on Public Prayer, with Sermons and Addresses; since his death The Biblical Reader and Lectures on Eloquence and Style have been published. Dr. Porter was a contributor to the Quarterly Register, and a translator of many sacred German poems.

PORTER, FITZ JOHN, b. N. H., 1822; graduated at the U. S. military academy, West Point, 1845, when he entered the army as brevet second lieut. of artillery. He was engaged in the war with Mexico from the beginning; was wounded in the attack on the city of Mexico, Sept. 13, 1847; and was promoted to brevet capt. and maj. for distinguished gallantry in the battle of Molino del Rey and the storming of Chapultepec. After the war he was sent to West Point, where he was adj. of the post, and acted as instructor of artillery and cavalry. In 1856 he was transferred to the adj.gen.'s department, and was assistant adj. gen. of the Utah expedition under Albert Sidney Johnston in 1857. On May 14, 1861, he received the appointment of col. of the 15th infantry; was made brig. gen. of volunteers on the 17th; and served as chief of staff. with gen. Banks and gen. Patterson, until August, when he was put in command of a division in the army of the Potomac., He had charge of the siege operations against Yorktown during the campaign on the peninsula, and was then given the command of the 5th army corps, which fought the battles of Mechanicsville and Gaines's Mill, and bore the brunt of the fight at Malvera hill. During a part of the second battle of Bull Run this corps was heavily engaged, and was badly cut up; it was also in the fight at

Antietam. In Nov., 1862, gen. Porter was tried by court-martial for alleged disobedience of the orders of gen. John Pope, at Manassas, on Aug. 28-29, 1862; and on Aug. 21, 1863, was cashiered and disqualified from holding any position under the U. S. gor ernment. In June, 1878, a board of officers was convened at West Point, by order of the president of the United States, to examine the evidence and to consider the findings of the court-martial in the case of gen. Porter, and to report to the secretary of war what action, in their judgment, justice required should be taker by the president in reference to that case. This board, after a full examination of the case, including evidence before inaccessible, and other evidence before misunderstood, reported that, in the opinion of those forming it, justice required at the hands of the president of the United States "such action as may be necessary to annul and set aside the findings and sentence of the courtmartial in the case of maj.gen. Fitz John Porter, and to restore him to the position of which that sentence deprived him-such restoration to take effect from the date of his dismissal from office.' This report was signed by the entire board, including maj.gen. J. M. Schofield, brig. gen. Alfred H. Terry, and brevet maj.gen. Geo. W. Setty. The report was laid before the house committee on military affairs, and a majority of this committee, in Jan., 1881, reported a bill restoring him to his rank of maj. gen. in the U. S. army; and requiring the secretary of the treasury to pay to gen. Porter the sum of $75,000, as a measure of award in acknowledgment of the wrong done to and suffered by him through his dismissal from the army and deprivation from the rights of citizenship, upon charges now established to be unfounded." In 1882, he was allowed to hold office under government. A bill for further relief passed the House (1884) over the president's veto, but failed in the Senate. In 1886 he was reinstated, and retired.

PORTER, HORACE, b. Penn., 1837; educated at West Point, and appointed to the ordnance department of the army in 1860. He was assistant ordnance officer on the Port Royal expedition in 1861, participated in the siege of fort Pulaski, Georgia, and the James island expedition. He was chief of ordnance of the army of the Potomac, 1862, and of the army of the Cumberland, 1863, and aid-de-camp to gen. Grant, 1864-65. He was military sec. to gen. Grant, 1869–73.

PORTER, JAMES D., jr. See page 880.

PORTER, JANE, 1776-1850; b. England; educated at Edinburgh; lived with her mother and sister till their death. Her first work, Thaddeus of Warsaw, appeared in 1803, was extremely popular, and secured her a complimentary letter from Kosciusko, and election into the Teutonic order of St. Joachim as canoness. In 1809 she published Scottish Chiefs, a romance of the times of Bruce and Wallace. Like her former work, it contains some vigorous description, but shows little knowledge of the period of which it treats. She composed, in association with her sister Anna Maria, Tales round a Winter's Hearth, 1826, which was followed by The Field of Forty Footsteps, which was dramatized. Her last work, Sir Edward Seaward's Diary, 1831, so closely imitated the style of the period to which it relates, as to make it doubtful, owing to its anonymous publication, whether it was a novel. Her younger sister, ANNA MARIA, (1781–1832,) wrote many novels, in which the heroes and heroines are always endowed with a monotonous superexcellence of virtue.

PORTER. JOSHUA, 1730-1825; b. Conn., educated at Yale college, and became a physician. He was a member of the state legislature; colonel in the state militia, and commanded a regiment at the battle of Saratoga.

PORTER, MOSES, 1755-1822; b. Mass.; lieut. in the artillery in 1775, and served through the revolutionary war, and the war of 1812. He was at White Plains, Trenton, Brandywine, and Germantown. He was made capt. in 1791, was attached to Wayne's command in 1794, and col. in the light artillery in 1812. He commanded the artillery in the army under Wilkinson, was prominent at the capture of fort George in May, 1813, and was brevetted brig.gen. in the same year.

PORTER, NOAH, D.D., LL.D., b. Conn., 1811; graduated at Yale college, 1881; taught school at New Haven, 1831-33; was a tutor at Yale, 1833–35, during which time he studied theology; became pastor of a Congregational church in New Milford, Conn., 1836; was pastor at Springfield, Mass., 1843-46, was elected professor of metaphysics and moral philosophy at Yale, 1846; and in 1871, on the retirement of president Woolsey. was chosen president, retiring, 1886; spent a year in Europe, 1853-54; was principal editor of the revision of Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language, published 1864; published an elaborate treatise on The Human Intellect, with an Introduction upon Psychology and the Soul, 1868; and an abridgment of it, 1871; is the author also of The Educational Systems of the Puritans and Jesuits compared-a prize essay; Books and Reading; American Colleges and the American Public; The Sciences of Nature versus the Science of Man, a review of the philosophical opinions of Herbert Spencer; etc. He has written many important papers for leading magazines; and is recognized as a thinker of great breadth and exactness, and as a theologian is thoroughly evangelical and singularly free from theological prejudice.

PORTER, PETER BUEL, 1773–1844; b. Conn.; began the practice of law at Canandaigua, N. Y., 1795, and was member of congress 1809-13 and 1815-16. He was appointed maj. gen. of the New York and Pennsylvania volunteers in 1813, commanded at the defense of Black Rock, now Buffalo, in July of that year, and took part in the battles of Chippewa, Niagara Falls, and fort Erie. In 1815 he was offered but declined

the post of commander-in-chief of the army. He was one of the commissioners under the treaty of Ghent, secretary of state of New York, and secretary of war under the younger Adams.

In

PORTER, Sir ROBERT KER, 1780-1842; b. Durham, England; brother of Jane Porter; when but 10 years old became a student of the Royal art academy of London. Before he was of age he had painted several historical pieces of some pretensions. 1804 he became court painter to the court of Russia, and in 1811 married the daughter of prince de Sherbatoff. He now became a soldier and traveler; was in Spain with sir John Moore in 1809; from 1826 to 1841 was British consul at Venezuela; and at the time of his death was visiting St. Petersburg. He published several volumes of travels.

PORTER, THOMAS, 1734-1833; b. Conn.; was with the British army at lake George in the French war of 1755, and afterward served in the Connecticut legislature. He was prominent in public affairs during the revolution; removed to Vermont in 1779, where he was for many years a member of the legislature, and judge of the county or superior court.

PORTER, WILLIAM DAVID, 1810-64; b. New Orleans; the son of commodore David Porter; entered the navy as midshipman in 1823, served in the Mexican war, was promi nent in establishing the light-house system, and retired in 1855 with the rank of lieut. In 1859 he re-entered the service, and remained loyal, though his two sons joined the southern cause. In command of the Essex, he was prominent in the attack on forts Donelson and Henry, in the fight past the batteries on the Mississippi from Cairo to New Orleans, and in the assault on Vicksburg and Port Hudson. He disabled the confederate iron-clad Arkansas, which was blown up. For his many gallant services he was made a commodore in 1862, but owing to ill-health did little more active duty.

PORTEUS, BEILBY, D.D., 1731-1808; b. York, England; educated at Christ's college, Cambridge, where he obtained a fellowship, and gained the prize for a poem on death; became in 1762 chaplain to archbishop Secker, and to George III. in 1769; appointed bishop of Chichester in 1776, and of London in 1787. He published: A Summary of the Evidences of Christianity; Review of the Life and Character of Archbishop Becker. Bishop Porteus was a man of learning, of liberal and enlarged views, sound judgment, deep and unaffected piety, and surpassed by few as a preacher in eloquence or pathos.

PORT-FIRE is a sort of slow match for firing guns. It consists of a paper tube from 16 to 20 in. in length, filled with a composition thus proportioned: saltpeter 666 parts, sulphur 222 parts, mealed gunpowder 112 parts. The composition is rammed with force into the paper barrel, and then when ignited it burns for a considerable period. As a substitute may be employed soft brown paper dipped in a solution of 2 oz. of niter to a gallon of water, dried, and rolled up to the size of a common port-fire. Another port-fire consists of a rod cut square, of lime, birch, or poplar, boiled for six hours in a soiction formed by dissolving 1 lb. of nitrate of lead in 1 quart of water. The rod is subse quently boiled in spirits of turpentine. When thoroughly dried one yard will burn three hours.

PORT GLAS GOW, a parliamentary burgh and sea-port of the county of Renfrew, Scotland, is situated on the Clyde, about 2 m. e. of Greenock, and 20 m. n.w. of Glasgow. It was founded in 1668 by the magistrates of Glasgow as a harbor for the ships that belonged to or traded with their city-the Clyde at Glasgow being then inconveniently shallow, and the idea of deepening the river not having yet occurred. In 1695 the town and a small adjacent district were made into an independent parish; in 1710 it was constituted the principal custom-house on the Clyde, and for a while took the lead of Greenock; in 1775 it was incorporated as a municipality, and by the reform bill of 1832 it was raised to the rank of a parliamentary burgh, uniting with Kilmarnock, Rutherglen, Dumbarton, and Renfrew in electing a member of the legislature. Port Glasgow is rather a well-built town. The principal buildings are the town house, custom-house, and churches of the different denominations. Port Glasgow has extensive manufactures of sail-ropes, chain-cables, several sugar-refineries, foundries, building-yards, commodious quays, and an extensive wet-dock. The deepening of the Clyde, enabling large vessels to ascend to Glasgow, seriously injured its commercial prosperity, but the trade has been for many years improving; the shipping employed is considerable. In 1876, 38 ships, of 17,066 tons, were registered at Port Glasgow; and in the same year 53 vessels, of 27,406 tons, were built here. Pop. '71, 9,851; parl. constituency (1877-78), 1158 Pop. '81, 10,801.

PORT HENRY, a village in n.e. New York, pleasantly situated on the s. w. shore of lake Champlain, 2 m. from mount Bulwagga; pop. '80, about 2,494. The surrounding country abounds in magnetic iron ore, which it exports. It is on the Hudson and Delaware railroad, 40 m. n. of Whitehall, and 35 m. s. w. of Burlington. It has a well-organized fire department, public schools, 2 newspapers, 4 churches, public library, opera house, and several blast furnaces and bloomeries for the manufacture of iron.

PORT-HOLES are embrasures or openings in the side of a ship of war to enable the guns to be ranged in battery. The port-holes are ordinarily square, of size sufficient to enable the guns to be pointed at a considerable angle. In stormy weather the ports are closed, the guns being run in. When the guns are run out and no fighting is antici

pated, half-ports are employed to keep the water out. There is a row of ports for each gun-deck, and by these rows the rating of the vessel is described as three-decker, twodecker, etc. Within the port rings are fixed through which the ropes are passed for working the heavy guns.

PORT HOPE, a t. in Ontario, dominion of Canada, on the n. shore of lake Ontario; pop. '81, 5,585. It is the co. seat of Durham co., and the s. terminus of the Midland milway on the Grand Trunk. It is 63 m. from Toronto, in a beautiful valley, on the side of a hill from which a fine view of the lake is obtained. A daily line of steamers runs to Charlotte, N. Y., connecting with Rochester by rail. It has water-power, a fine harbor, and an active trade in lumber and grain. It is the seat of Trinity college, and has 2 newspapers, 6 churches, several hotels, and 3 branch banks. It has a large fleet of fishing vessels, and manufactories of woolen goods, buttons, leather, wooden ware, steam-engines, machinery, iron castings, etc.

PORT HURON, a city in s.e. Michigan; incorporated 1857, at the head of the St. Clair river, in the county of St. Clair, and opposite Sarnia, Canada; pop. '80, 8,883. It is on the Grand Trunk railroad, at the terminus of the Chicago and Lake Huron; 53 m. n.e. of Detroit, 66 m. e. of Flint, and 110 m. e. of Lansing. Large quantities of lumber are carried down the Black river to this point, and the trade in lumber and shingles is important. It is near the foot of lake Huron, connected with Sarnia by steam ferry-boats, and by steamers with Detroit, and its domestic and foreign commerce is considerable. Two horse-railroads lead to fort Gratiot, 1 m. distant, where the Grand Trunk railway crosses the St. Clair, and the ferry to port Sarnia connects it with the Great Western line. The Black river at this point is crossed by two bridges. It is supplied with water by the Holly system, and has flour and saw mills, grain elevators, ship-yards, dry-docks, three newspapers, and the repair shops of the railroads. It is lighted by gas, has an operahouse, a national bank, a savings-bank, public schools, and a fine city hall. In 1877 a government building, for a custom-house and post-office, was erected, costing $250,000. PORTICI (formerly Portico), a town of southern Italy, is situated on the slope of Vesuvius, near Herculaneum, 4 m. s.e. from Naples, with 11,288 inhabitants. Its environs are delightful, and are dotted all over with country houses. There is a royal palace built by Charles III., but it is crossed by the high road, which divides it in two. Facing the palace is a fortress rising out of the sea, and there is a small harbor called the Granatello.

PORTICO, a covered space with a roof supported by columns. It is usually attached to an important building, but sometimes detached, as a shady walk. A portico is called tetrastyle, hexastyle, octostyle, and decastyle, according as it has four, six, eight, or ten columns in front.

PORTION, though not a legal term, is often used in the law of intestacy and legacies, and means a sum of money given to a child in discharge of the obligation incumbent on a parent; and from the circumstance of its being often given on marriage it is called a marriage-portion. By the law of England and Ireland, therein differing from the law of Scotland, a parent is not bound at common law to give any portion to his children. But he often does so by will; and, in the event of his dying intestate, the law does so for him. When a testator by will leaves a legacy to a daughter, child, or person, toward whom he stands in loco parentis, and afterward in his lifetime gives the child a like sum of money, or even a less sum as a portion on marriage, such portion is prima facie presumed to be in satisfaction, or an ademption of the legacy, unless there is something in the will or settlement to rebut that presumption. But in Scotland there is no such presumption, unless the father was liable by contract to give the portion. See TOCHER. PORTIONERS. See HEIRS-PORTIONERS.

PORT JERVIS, a village in Orange co., N. Y., on the Delaware and Hudson canal ; a station on the Erie railroad. The place is at the junction of the Delaware and Neversink rivers, and marks the intersection of the boundary lines of Pennsylvania, New York, and New Jersey; pop. '80, 8,678. Port Jervis was named in honor of J. B. Jervis, the chief engineer of the canal. The place is surrounded by picturesque scenery. There are three newspapers, one a daily; three banks, many factories, and railroad repair shops. PORTLAND, Conn. See page 880.

PORTLAND, port of entry and cap. of Cumberland co., Maine, beautifully situated on a hilly peninsula projecting eastward into Casco bay, lat. 43° 40′ n., long. 70° 13' w.; 105 m. n. of Boston; 292 m. s. e. of Montreal; area, 1,666 acres. It is the terminus of the Grand Trunk, Boston and Maine, Portsmouth, Saco and P., P. and Rochester, P. and Ogdensburg, Maine Central, and Eastern railroads, and will be connected with the northwest through the Minneapolis and Sault Ste. Marie road. It has steam communication with Halifax, St. John, New York, etc., including a daily line to Boston, and with Liverpool, Bristol and Glasgow. The harbor, defended by forts Preble, Scammel and Gorges, and by fortifications on Hog island, is large and deep, is never closed by ice, and is the winter station for the Allan (Canadian) line of steamers.

P., the Indian Machigonne, was settled by the English in 1632, and called Casco neck; was burned by the Indians in 1676, and by the French and Indians in 1690; was resettled, 1715; included in Falmouth, 1718-60; burned by a British fleet, 1775; rebuilt, 1783;

XII.-2a.