incorporated as P., 1786. The first newspaper was pub. 1785; the first bank incorporated,1799. P. was chartered, 1832, and in 1866 lost one-third of its buildings by fire.

The well-shaded streets of P. have given it the name of the Forest city. The peninsula, 3 m. long by about 4 m. wide, is, at its highest elevation, 175 ft. above sea level. Several small islands are included in the corporate limits. P. is the seat of the P. E. bishop of Maine and of a R. C. bishop. The U. S. courts for the district of Maine hold their sessions here. Its institutions include a medical school, the P. institute and pub. library of above 30,000 vols., society of natural history, atheneum, mercantile library, law library, state reform school, U. S. marine hospital, Maine general hospital, school for deaf mutes, home for aged women, and female orphan asylum. Among noteworthy buildings are the granite and marble custom-house, post-office of white Vermont marble, city hall, custom house, Falmouth hotel, the building of the mechanic association, the R. C. and P. E. cathedrals. There are 4 parks; Lincoln park, in the center of the city, contains 24 acres; "The oaks," 50 acres. There are 5 cemeteries. The water supply is brought 17 m, from Sebago lake to a reservoir on Bramhall's hill, with capacity of 12,000,000 galls. The leading industries are the manufacture of clothing, boots and shoes, foundry and machine shop products, carriages and sleighs, furniture, varnishes, jewelry, leather, cement pipe, etc., the canning of fruits, vegetables, lobsters, etc., the refining of sugar, printing and publishing, slaughtering and meat packing, and shipbuilding. Establishments, 1880, 302; capital invested, $1,243,225; value products, $9,832,931. The trade with the interior, the British provinces, the West Indies, South America and Europe is very large. There is a marginal railway around the water front; there are two dry docks; and a ship channel in the cove back of the city is (1887) projected; chief imports, sugar, molasses, salt, iron, and crockery; exports, lumber, ice, provisions, fish, canned goods, etc. Port statistics, 1886 val. imports, $8,179,025; exports, $8,965,627 vessels belonging to port, 373; tonnage, 112,261.41; entrances from foreign ports, 294; tonnage, 143,532; clearances for foreign ports, 385; tonnage, 186,381; coastwise entrances, 451; tonnage, 415,053; clearances, 393; tonnage, 397,372; vessels engaged in sea fisheries, 140; capital invested, $400,000; val. products (an unfavorable year), $300,000. Annual val. sales, merchandise, $46,000,000. The annual expenditure for public schools exceeds $95,000. Of 21 newspapers and periodicals published, 6 are daily. There are 6 national banks, aggregate capital, $3,250.000; 2 savings banks, deposits, $10,391,730. P. is divided into 7 wards. Assessed valuation of real estate, 1886, $21,571,000; per sonal, $11,862,200; taxes (state, county, city), $730,864.20; city tax proper, $588,045; income, $88,000; expenditure, $818.864.20; gross debt, March, 1887, $3,946,500. Pop. ulation, 1683, 160; 1786, about 2,000; 1860, 26,342; 1880, 33,810; 1887, est. 40,000.

PORTLAND, cap. of Multnomah co., Oregon, and chief city of the state, on the w. bank of the Willamette river, 12 m. from its junction with the Columbia, and about 120 m. from the ocean, lat. 45° 30′ n., lon. 122° 43′ w.; 530 m. n. of San Francisco. It is on the Oregon and California (East and West Sides divisions), Pacific division of the Northern Pacific, Portland and Willamette Valley, and Union Pacific railroad, and connects by steamer with San Francisco, Puget sound, Victoria, and Sitka, and by daily boats with the towns on the upper and lower Columbia, Willamette and Yamhill rivers.

P. was laid out in 1845, was incorporated in 1851, and was partially destroyed by fire in 1873, but has been rebuilt more substantially. Situated in the center of a region with unlimited agricultural resources and opportunities for commerce and manufacture, it has become the chief source of supply for the state, for Washington territory and for parts of northern California and Idaho, and is, in proportion to population, the wealthiest city in the U. S. It is regularly laid out on slightly rising ground, backed by a semicircle of wooded hills, and is surrounded by imposing scenery. Though situated in the same latitude with Montreal, P. has a more agreeable winter climate than cities farther south. The mean temperature in Jan., 1886, was 36.1°; that of Philadelphia, 29.4°; of St. Louis, 24.8°.

The western part of the city has become the favorite locality for residences. Among institutions are the medical coll. of Willamette university, Bishop Scott_academy and St. Helen's hall (P. E.), St. Michael's coll. and St. Mary's academy (R. C.), St. Vincent's hospital, Good Samaritan hospital, orphans' home, law school, city library, and independent German school. The U. S. courts for the district of O. are held here. Among notable buildings are the county buildings, court house, custom house, high school building, and many costly and elegant churches, business blocks, and residences. There are several parks of considerable extent. There are 7 ferries to the suburbs of East P., Albina and Sellwood, and railroad and traffic bridges to the former place and Albina. The water supply is brought from Bull Run, one of the streams flowing from the glaciers of Mt. Hood, across 3 iron bridges, and through 31 m. of wrought iron pipe. Leading manufactures and industries are flour, lumber, furniture, clothing, engines, boilers, carriages and wagons, boots and shoes, paper, rope, malt liquors, mineral waters, lime and cement, soap and bricks, printing and publishing, slaughtering and meat packing, extensive fruit canning, and ship-building. Number of manufactories, 1886, 148; capital invested, $3,860,000: hands, 2,764; val. products, $5,423,500; val. flour and grist mill products, $1,600,000; of lumber, planed and sawed, $1,630,000; val. wholesale trade, $60,000,000; number of business houses with responsibilities exceeding $40,000, 129; cap., $37,000,000. The chief exports are wheat and flour, salmon, dried.

fresh, and canned, and lumber. The foreign exports are mainly to Great Britain, China, Japan, and the Sandwich islands. Total val. wheat exported, 1885-86, $5,582,646; flour, $2,013,585; salmon, $2,521,402; total val. domestic exports, $8,894,224; foreign, $16,960,147; inland steam tonnage of port, 32,000 tons; ocean steam tonnage, 12,000 tons; ocean sail tonnage, 10,000 tons. Of 28 newspapers and periodicals published, 5 are daily. There are six national banks, with aggregate capital of $1,200,000, 3 savings banks, and 3 for general business. The city is divided into 3 wards. As(sessed val. real estate, 1887, $12,294,755; personal, $6,487,345; city debt, $100,000; tax per $100, $1.234. Population in 1870, 8,293; 1880, 17,577; 1887, est. 35,000.

PORTLAND, a t. in St. John co., New Brunswick, next to Saint John; pop. 15,226. It has steam saw-mills, foundries, ship-yards, etc.

PORTLAND BEDS, a division of the upper oolites (q. v.), occurring between the Purbeck beds and the Kimmeridge clay, and so named because the rocks of the group form the promontory of the isle of Portland. They consist of beds of hard oolitic limestone and freestone, interstratified with clays, and resting on light-colored sands, which contain marine fossils. The corals found in the sands are often converted into flints, the original structure being beautifully preserved in the hard silex. The beds may be traced from the isle of Portland, capping the oolitic hills as far as Oxfordshire. The fossils are chiefly mollusca and fish, with a few reptiles.

PORTLAND CEMENT. See CEMENT.

PORTLAND ISLE, a rocky peninsula projecting into the English channel from the shore of Dorsetshire, 17 m. w.s.w. of St. Alban's head. Its appearance suggests the shape of a beak, and it is therefore called also the Bill of Portland. It is 9 m. in circumference, is composed of oolitic limestone, and is supposed to have been once an island, but for ages has been connected with the mainland by Chesil bank, an extraordinary ridge of loose shingle, the scene of frequent shipwrecks. A narrow inlet of the sea, called the Fleet, extends between Chesil bank and the shore. Portland castle, in the north of the isle, was erected by Henry VIII. as a protection for this part of the coast in 1520. The peninsula furnishes the famous Portland stone (q.v.). Portland breakwater (see BREAKWATER) has a secure harbor for hundreds of the largest ships; also a naval station, harbor of refuge, and batteries. Pennsylvania castle, on the east coast, was built by John Penn, grandson of the founder of Pennsylvania. Rufus castle, or, as it is commonly called, Bow-and-Arrow castle, also on the east coast, now a ruin, is said to have been built by William Rufus. On the southern extremity of the island are two light-houses. Between the southern point and the shambles, 3 m. to the s.e., a dangerous surf occurs. The convict prison, near the e. coast, was erected in 1848. The inhabitants of the island long remained a peculiar people, intermarrying and preserving the many curious customs of their ancestors. The island has a noted breed of sheep. The pop. of the parish of Portland isle, 1881, was 10,046.

PORTLAND SAGO. See ARUM.

PORTLAND STONE. This celebrated building-stone, of which many of the principal buildings of London, including St. Paul's cathedral, Somerset house, and many of the churches are constructed, is the oolitic limestone of Dorsetshire, constituting geologically the Portland and Purbeck beds. The quarries are chiefly located in the islands of Portland and Purbeck, and in the vale of Wardour. The quantity raised is very large. During the heavier works at the Portland breakwater 730,000 tons per annum were required for that structure alone, and about 30,000 to 40,000 tons are sent annually to London and other places. There are three different qualities of the stone in the same quarry: the uppermost contains numerous fossils, and is of a coarse grain; it is therefore used chiefly for rough work, such as foundations. It is called roach by the quarrymen. The middle bed is much broken, and is called the rubble or rubbly bed, and is of little Value; and the lower one is fine, white, and compact, and is called the whit, or best bed. This last is that which is used for fine building purposes. An analysis of this stone by prof. Daniell shows the following composition:

Silica....

Carbonate of lime...
Carbonate of magnesia.
Iron and alumina.....
Water and loss......

Besides which ingredients, there is often a trace of bitumen present.

1.20

95.16

1.20

0.50

1.94

PORTLAND VASE. A beautiful cinerary urn of transparent dark-blue glass, found about the middle of the 16th c. in a marble sarcophagus near Rome (see GLASS). It was deposited in the Barberini palace at Rome (and hence often called the Barberini vase); was then (1770) purchased by sir William Hamilton (q.v.), and finally by the duchess of Portland. In 1810 the duke of Portland loaned it to the British museum. In 1845 a miscreant dashed the relic to pieces with a stone, but owing to the defective state of the law, only a slight punishment could be inflicted. The pieces were skillfully united and it still exists in the museum, but is not shown to the public. A small number of copies of the Portland vase were made many years ago by Mr. Wedgwood, and were sold at 25 guineas each.

Port Royal.

PORTLAW', a small manufacturing t. of the county of Waterford, Munster, Ireland, about 10 m. w.n.w. of Waterford. Portlaw has risen within the last 50 years from a small village into a town of great activity and of extensive manufactures, through the enterprise of a single family named Malcomson, by whom the cotton manufacture has been introduced with great success. The pop. in 1871 was 3,774, considerably more than 3,000 of whom were Roman Catholics, the remainder being principally Protestant Episcopalians. Portlaw is admirably provided with schools and other institutions for the social and moral improvement of the population. Pop. '81, had decreased to 1,891.

PORT LOUIS, the capital and principal port of the British colony of Mauritius, is situated on an inlet on the n.w. coast. Its streets, though narrow, are straight, and are furnished with footpaths, and macadamized. It contains a number of public buildings, among which are a theater, library, hospital, and botanic garden. Its harbor is capacious, but is quite safe only during the fine season. The imports and exports of the colony are mainly transacted at Port Louis; and their quantity, value, and character are mentioned under the article Mauritius (q.v.). Pop. of the port is estimated at 70,000 (1880).

PORT MAHON (anc. Portus Magonis), the capital of the island of Minorca (q.v.), is beautifully situated on a deep and narrow inlet in the s.e. of the island. Its harbor, sufficiently spacious to accommodate a large fleet of men-of-war, is one of the finest in the Mediterranean, and is protected by three forts. It has no architectural features worthy of special notice, but is on the whole well built. The military governor and the bishop of the island reside here. The government buildings were mostly constructed while the island belonged to England. Pop. 13,300.

PORTNEUF, a co. in central Quebec, Dominion of Canada, having the St. Lawrence river for its s. boundary, drained by the river St. Maurice, the Portneuf river, the Great and Little Wayagamack lakes, and lake Edward in the n.; 7,255 sq.m.; pop. '81, 25,175. Its surface is generally level, with a fertile soil. The country is well timbered, and its rivers furnish extensive water-power for carding, saw, and grist mills. It has a large trade in flour and lumber. The manufacture of nails is among its industries. Co. seat, Cap Santé.

PORTO ALEGRE, a t. of Brazil, capital of the province of Rio Grande do Sul, stands at the n. w. extremity of the lake of Patos, by means of which it communicates with the It was founded in 1743, is well built, and contains 20,000 inhabitants. It is provided with wharfs; and its trade, though by no means inconsiderable, has hardly shared to the full in the recent advancement of the prosperity of Brazil.

sea.

PORTO-BELLO, a parliamentary burgh and watering-place, occupies a plain on the s. bank of the firth of Forth, in the county of Edinburgh, and 3 m. e. of the city of that name by the North British railway. A commodious new town-hall was recently built. This town is a favorite resort for sea-bathing and summer quarters during the season. A marine promenade, a m. in length, runs along the shore; and there is an elegant iron pier, 1250 ft. long, with seats to accommodate 2,000 persons, and a spacious saloon for the use of visitors. Porto-Bello is also a manufacturing town, and its manufacturing establishments comprise potteries, and earthenware, bottle, brick, and paper works, etc. Pop. '81, 6,793; and, in summer, between 7,000 and 8,000. The town derives its name from the first house built here about the time of the seizure of the town of Puerto-Bello, in the isthmus of Panama, and called Portobello.

PORTO BELLO. See PUERTO BELLO.

POR TO FERRA'JO. See ELBA.

PORTO MAGGIO'RE, a t. in the province of Ferrara, Italy, 4 m. e. of Commachio, and about 20 m. from the Adriatic; pop. 74, 15,150. The town is an island in the lagoons of the Cominachio, and the inhabitants are employed in eel-fishing and in trading in cattle. The climate is malarious. There is an improbable tradition that the place was in former centuries a sea-port.

PORTO-MAURI ZIJ, a seaport t. of n. Italy, capital of a new province of the same name, on the gulf of Genoa, 58 m. directly s.w. of Genoa city. Area of province, 467 sq. miles. Pop. '80, 132,218. The town stands on a high promontory, projecting boldly into the sea, and has a lofty church, painted in brilliant colors. The harbor, defended by a mole, is generally crowded with the picturesque coasting-vessels of the Mediterranean. There is an extensive trade in olive-oil and agricultural produce. Pop. 7,000.

PORTO NOVO, a t. in the Madras presidency of India, situated on the Coromandel coast, in lat. 11° 31' n., and long. 79° 51' east. Both the Danes and the Dutch had formerly a factory here. The place is celebrated for the battle fought here on July 1, 1781, when sir Eyre Coote defeated Hyder Ali. The British force consisted of only 7,878 men, including artillery; Hyder's army numbered over 60,000. Coote was retiring before Hyder. After leaving Porto Novo, he had only advanced a few m. along the sea-shore, when he found his path intercepted by the enemy's batteries, the sea confining him on the right, and a range of sand-hills on the left. The British army made two assaults; in one, they carried the batteries; in the other, they took advantage of an opening in the sand-hills, which Hyder had neglected to guard, and came suddenly upon the ene

my's flank. A schooner of war meantime standing in close, poured her broadsides of small guns into the enemy. Their rout was complete. Porto Novo is celebrated for its iron foundry, which of late years has supplied much of the material for the Madras railways. Pop. of Porto Novo, called by the natives Parangipetta, about 7,200.

PORTO RICO. See PUERTO RICO.

PORTO SANTO, an island in the Atlantic ocean, 25 m. n.e. of Madeira, to which it belongs; about 24 sq.m.; pop. about 1500. The surface is uneven, with little timber. The soil is barren. The principal productions are barley, corn, live stock, and a poor variety of wine.-The town of Porto Santo has a good harbor, resorted to by ships going round the cape of Good Hope. Columbus at one time lived at Porto Santo, which was discovered by the Portuguese in 1418.

PORT PATʼRICK, a burgh of barony and fishing village of Scotland, in the county of Wigtown, and 8 m. s. w. of Stranraer. It is surrounded by hills on the land side, and its harbor is protected by two piers, and has a light-house. It is the nearest point of Scotland to the Irish coast, distant only 214 miles. Pop. '81, 591.

PORT PHIL'LIP. See MELBOURNE.

PORTREE. See SKYE.

PORTREEVE (from port and reeve, Saxon gerefa, a word of similar origin to the German graf, signifying a governor or chief magistrate), the principal magistrate in a maritime town. This was the early name of the officer afterward called mayor in London and elsewhere.

PORT ROYAL-DES-CHAMPS, a convent of Cistercian nuns, near Versailles, which obtained much celebrity during the 17th century. It was founded for nuns by a member of the family of Montmorenci, in the early part of the 13 c.; and soon after its establishment obtained from the pope the privilege of receiving lay persons, who, without taking monastic vows, desired to live in religious retirement. This portion of the Port Royal-des-Champs institute in later times became of great importance. The discipline of the convent having been much relaxed in the 15th and 16th centuries, one of its worst abuses-that of appointing the superior, not on account of fitness, but from considerations of family or other worldly or political motives-became in the end the occasion of its complete reformation. Angelique Arnauld, sister of the celebrated brothers Arnauld, was appointed, when a mere child, coadjutrix of the abbess, and on the death of this lady, although she was then only in her eleventh year, herself succeeded to the office. As mêre Angelique advanced in years, she felt moved, although still very young, by a profound sense of her responsibilities, and undertook a complete and rigid reformation of the community, which she carried out in all its details-as the strict observance of religious poverty, abstinence from meat, complete seclusion, and the most severe ascetic exercises. The community was removed to Paris in 1626, and in 1633 to a new convent, which was thenceforward called Port Royal-de-Paris; and from this time the old establishment of Port Royal-des-Champs was exclusively devoted to the use of a lay community, in accordance with the original papal privilege. This community quickly became very celebrated, and soon numbered among its inmates some of the most distinguished scholars of that age, Antony Arnauld, Le Maistre, Antony and Louis Isaac le Maistre de Sacy, Nicole, Lancelot, Sericourt, and several others. Their rule of life was most austere, rising at 3 A. M., devoting many hours to prayer and spiritual reading and instruction, and a portion of the day to manual labor. One of their most important public services was the establishment of a school, for which they prepared the well-known educational books known under the name of Port Royal, the Greek and Latin grammars, general grammar, geometry, art of thinking, etc. This school was for a time transferred to Paris, a portion of the nuns being sent back to Port Royal-des-Champs; but eventually it was established at an out-farm of the latter place, called Les Granges.

Port Royal-des-Champs, however, is even more known in history through its relations with the Jansenist controversy. The nature and origin of these relations have been explained in the article Jansen (q.v.). It only remains to relate the later fortunes of Port Royal-des-Champs and its members, in so far as they were affected by the proceedings taken in consequence by the authorities, whether civil or ecclesiastical. The nuns of Port Royal-des-Champs having refused to subscribe the formularly condemning the five propositions, a royal order was issued in 1660 for the suppression of the school, and the removal of the boarders of Port Royal-des-Champs; and at length the abbess, and several other nuns, were arrested, and confined as prisoners in other monasteries, After the "peace of Clement IX.," they were permitted to return; but the two communities, Port Royal-des-Champs and Port Royal-de-Paris, were placed under separate government. This led to many disputes, and to a perpetuation in Port Royal-des-Champs of the Jansenistic spirit and the Jansenistic opinions; and when the final steps for the repression of that party were taken about 1707, a formal bull was issued by pope Clement XI. for the suppression of that convent, and the transfer of its property to Port Royal-de-Paris. The nuns, accordingly, were finally dispersed and distributed over convents of different orders throughout France. The property of the convent and church were transferred to the Paris house, and all the buildings of Port Royal

Portugal.

PORTUGAL, the most westerly kingdom of Europe, a part of the great Spanish peninsula, lies in 36°55' to 42° 8' n. lat., and 6° 15' to 9° 30' w. long. Its greatest length from n. to s. is 368 m., and its average breadth from e. to w. about 100 miles. The kingdom of Portugal proper is bounded by the Atlantic on the s. and w., and by Spain on the n. and east. The table gives the area and pop. of the seven old provinces, still popularly retained, with the corresponding official districts:

Islands.-The Azores, 920 sq.m.; pop. '75, 261,746. Madeira, etc., 330 sq.m.; pop. 132,223. The islands are officially reckoned as belonging to the home territories.

The colonial possessions of Portugal are, in Africa-Cape Verd islands, 1630.02 sq.m.; pop. 99,317. Senegambia, 35,437.50 sq.m.; pop. 8,500. Islands of San-Thome and Principe, off Guinea, 448.56 sq.m.; pop. 18,372. Ajuda, 12 sq.m.; pop. 700. Angola, Benguela, 200,602.50 sq.m.; pop. 2,000,000. Mozambique and dependencies, 283,500 sq.m.: pop. 300,000. In Asia-Goa, Salsette, 1440.6 sq.m.; pop. 419,993. Damao, Diu, 94.08 sq.m.; pop. 61,474. In the Indian Archipelago, 2,877 sq.m.; pop. 250,000. Macao, 11.76 sq.m.; pop. 59,959. Total of colonies, 526,041.48 sq.m.; pop. 3,217,615.

Physical Aspect, etc.-Portugal must be regarded as essentially a littoral country, forming the Atlantic or western part of the Spanish peninsula, from which it is separated by political, rather than physical boundaries. Its mountains and rivers are, with few exceptions, mere western prolongations of those of Spain. The principal mountain ranges lie about half-way inland, leaving almost the whole of its 500 m. of coast-line a flat sandy tract, with few rocky headlands, and hence there are scarcely any harbors or places of safe anchorage, except at the embouchures of the larger rivers. The highest range is the Serra de Estrella, which, passing from n.n.e. to s.s. w., through Beira and Estremadura, terminates in the steep acclivities of Cintra and Cap la Rocca, near Lisbon. The principal chain, which is also known as the Serra da Junto, merges in a series of ridges, which cover a tract 30 m. in length, between the Tagus and the sea. Another mountain range, named the Serra de Calderao and the Serra de Monchique, but constituting a mere continuation of the Spanish Sierra Morena, crosses the southern part of Portugal from e. to w., and terminates in its most southern promontory of Cape St. Vincent. These ranges, with the numerous mountain-spurs that intersect the northern districts in every direction, so thoroughly occupy the area of Portugal that there are only two or three plains of any extent in the whole country, and these are situated to the w. of the Guadiana, in Alemtejo, and in Beira and Estremadura, near the Tagus and Vouga. The valleys are very numerous, and by their great fruitfulness present a striking contrast to the barren and rugged mountains by which they are inclosed. The principal rivers enter Portugal from Spain. Of these the largest are the Guadiana, which, leaving Spain near Badajoz, forms in part the boundary between the southern provinces of the neighboring kingdom; while the Minho and Douro, flowing w., form a part of the boundary in the n. and n.e. The Tagus, or Tejo, intersects Portugal from its northern frontier to the southern termination of the Estrella mountains, where it enters the sea a little below Lisbon. The Mondego, the largest river belonging entirely to Portugal, after receiving numerous affluents in its course, falls into the sea about mid way between the Douro and the Tagus. The larger rivers, although obstructed at their mouth with dangerous bars, afford admirable means of internal navigation, together with the numerous lesser streams, and might, through canals, be connected into one great system of water-routes; but hitherto nothing has been done to improve these great natural advantages. Except a few mountain tarns, Portugal has no lakes. It has salt