mine interruptum aut diffolutum erit; fed nihilominus perdurabit, ac premanebit integrum. Dabunt autem poenas homines illi particulares foli, quotquot hoc fœdus violarint, ac injuriam accipientibus jus, et juftitia adminiftrabitur : et fiet fatisfactio omnis damni atq; injuriæ intra duodecim menfium fpatium poft reftitutionem poftulatam. Quod fi prædicti delinquentes et perpetratæ violentiæ rei, fiftere fe ac fubmittere juftitiæ, vel infra præfinitum diem fatiffacere recufaverint; illi, quicunq; tandem fint, pronunciabantur utriufq; ftatus inimici, et eorum facultates, bona ac res quales quantæcunq; confiscabuntur, et venum dabuntur, ad juftam et plenam fatisfactionem injuriarum quas fecerint ipfiq; delinquentes et rei, ubi in poteftatem alterutrius ftatus venerint; meritis infuper poenis pro delicti natura aflicientur. Reftitutio autem ac fatiffactio pro jactura, ac damnis quæ durante bello Anglicano cum fœderati Belgii provinciis alterutra partium confederatarum per alteram paffa eft, quantocius et fine mora parti læfæ, aut ejus fubditis ac incolis, fiat et præftetur. 14. Præfens tractatus ac confoederatio nihil derogabit præeminentiæ, juri ac dominio cuicunq; alterutrius confoederatorum in fuis maribus, fretis, atq; aquis quibufcunq; fed habeant retineantq; fibi eadem pari amplitudine qua hactenus gavifi funt, et quæ illis jure competit. 15. Cum primarium itaq; fit inftitutum hujus foederis, ut talis libertas navigationis ac mercaturæ, qualis in fuperioribus articulis defcripta eft, utriq; fœderato, fubditis ejus ac incolis utrinq; fit ac maneat, in mari Balthico, freto Orefuntico, mari Septentrionali, Occidentali, Brittannico, Mediterraneo, ac canali cæterifq; in Europa maribus; communi itaq; confilio, ope, et auxilio integerrime allaborabitur, ut prædicta mutuaq; libertas navigationis, ac mercaturæ in omnibus prænominatis maribus ac fretis stabiliatur, promoveatur, atq; fi occafio ita tulerit, defendatur contra turbatores qui interrumpere illam, prohibere, impedire vel ad nutum fuum injuriamq; confoederatorum conftringere, aut cogere voluerint; benevolentiam item atq; promptitudinem provehendis alterius confœderati commodis et amoliendis incommodis, uterq; prædictorum confœderatorum benigniffime invicem præftabit; falvis tamen foederibus utriq; genti cum aliis regnis, rebufpublicis ac nationibus quæ antehac inita funt, et vigorem obtinuerunt. Nullatenus autem impofterum alteruter confœderatorum fœdus inibit aut quidquam pacifcetur cum aliis peregrinis gentibus ac nationibus quibufcunq; in prejudicium qualecunq; hujus præfentis invicem fœderis; nifi præfcis ac confentiente altero confœderato: aut fi quidquam aliter cum aliis poft hoc pactum fuerit, pro inito habeatur, cedatq; omnino huic mutuæ conventioni. De modo autem fubfidii vel auxilii invicem ferendi, pro defenfione hujus foederis et libertatis commerciorum, ac navigationis, ubiq; ita neceffum fuerit, et ratio poftularit, fpecialius pro temporis ac rerum omnium circumftantiis conveniet. fe 16. De commoditatibus aliis quibus frui poterint, et legibus fecundum quas se gerere tenebuntur naves bellica, quæ in portus vel ftationes alterius confœderatorum appulerint, de commercio in America faciendo; item de cominoditatibus pifcatoriis halecum, et pifcium quorumcunq; de ftaplis et emporiis commerciorum conftituendis, deq; aliis rebus et conditionibus, quæ ad majorem majorem fuperiorum articulorum evidentiam requiri poterint, ftatuetur, prout in pofterum peculiari tractatu vel contractu invicem conveniet. 17. Hæc vero in quæ fuperioribus articulis confenfimus, obtinebunt confeftim ab hoc eodem temporis momento omnimodum vigorem, atq; fincere ab utraq; parte, omnibus qui obedientia, fide, ac obfequio utrinq; attinentur, rite obfervabuntur. quo autem in pofterum eo magis stabilia ac firma fint maneantq; tum à regia majeftate domina noftra clementiffima, tum à domino protectore reipublicæ Angliæ, Scotia, et Hiberniæ, fuarumq; ditionum, nomine fuæ celfitudinis, et prædictæ reipublicæ intra quadrimestre fpatium, propriis majeftatis illius atq; ejus celfitudinis manuum fubfcriptionibus, ac figillis fubfcribentur, fignabuntur ac rata habebuntur. Ad corroboranda hæc omnia quæ fuperfcripta funt, atq; ir fidem fufficientem fore, ut ex parte reginæ majeftatis dominæ noftræ clementiffimæ fanctiffime ac integerrime obferventur, atq; intra præfinitum diem rati habeantur, hæc propriis manibus fubfcripfimus, et figillis noftris munivimus. Actum Upfaliæ die 11 Aprilis, anno 1654. ma AXELIUS OXENSTIERNA, The English Translation of the Articles. WE E whofe names are fubfcribed Axelius Oxenftierna, chancellor of the kingdome, and provinciall judge of the Weft Norlanders, of Lapland, Heredalia, and Jemptia, earle of South Morea, free baron in Kimithơ, lord in Tiholme and Tydoen, knight of the golden fpurre; and Ericus Oxenftierna, fon of Axelius, generall prefident of the colledge of trade, earle of South Morea, free barron in Kimitho, lord in Tydoen, Viby, and Gorwallen, fenators of the kingdome of Sweden, and plenipotentiary commiffioners of the most serene and moft potent prince and lady, the lady Chriftina, by the grace of God, queen of the Swedes, Goths, and Vandales, great prince of Finland, duke of Efthonia, Carelia, Bremen, Veherden, Stetin, Pomerland, Caffubia, and Vandalia, prince of Rugia, and lady of Ingrie and of Wifmer; doe make known and teftify, thus formerly there hath bin a great amitie betweene the Swedish and English nations, for which, to renew and increase the profit of it, it very well happened, that the most illuftrious and moft excellent lord Bulftrode Whitelocke, conftable of Windfor-castle, and att this time one of the keepers of the great feal of England, being fufficiently authorized to treat of the following af fayres, came to the S. R. M. our lady, by commandment, and in the name of Oliver, lord protector of the commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland, ambaffador extraordinary from thefe countrys, and of the aforefaid commonwealth. The fame alfo our moft S. R. M. hath benignely commaunded us, who have the fame and fufficient power, that after we should have confidered with the aforefaid lord ambaffador about the things which would be judged the most convenient to establish the liberty of commerce and navigaPpp 2 tion, 7 tion, and to corroborate the mutuall amitie in this time, that fome certaine things fhould be determinated and written in forme of articles of mutuall alliance. Therefore, we after a good deliberation togither agreed touching the affayres heerafter written, as they are by these following lawes which are in this treaty, and by their cleer words, and without difficulty expreffed. That is, 1. That heerafter there be a good, fincere, firme peace and correfpondence betweene the queen and kingdome of Sweden, and the lord protector and the aforefaid commonwealth, and between all and every one of the dominions, kingdomes, countreys, provinces, iflands, lands, colonies, townes, peoples, cittizens, inhabitants, and all and every one of the subjects of either of the party, fo that they may mutually embrace in entire love and affection. 2. The aforefaid confederates and subjects, people and inhabitants of either, fhall, when occafion fhall be prefented, advance the common profit, and shall, if they know of any imminent daunger, or confpiration or machination of the enemies, admonish one another, and shall hinder them as much as lyes in their power. Neither fhall it be permitted to any of the confederates to doe or treat by him, or by any other whatsoever to the prejudice or damage of the lands and dominions of either, whatsoever they be, or in whatsoever place, either by fea or land. The enemies, or rebells, or adverfaries fhall in no wife be fuffered, neither fhall the rebells or traitors who undertake under the state of the other be received in his countreys, and fhall much leffe give them councell, ayde, or favour, nor shall admitt that his fubjects, people, or inhabitants should doe any thing like. 3. The queen and kingdome aforesaid, and the lord protector and commonwealth aforefaid shall (as much as in them lyes) endeavour to take care with all candor and affection to remove all the hinderances which hitherto have interrupted the liberty of navigation and commerce between both the nations, as much in the dominions, lands, feas, and rivers of either of the confederates, with other people and nations. They fhall also endeavour to advance and de fend the liberty of navigation and commerce against all forte of difturbators for the reasons agreed uppon in this treaty, or uppon which heerafter they may agree, nor fhall fuffer either through themfelves, their fubjects or people, any offence to be committed or done against this inftitution. 4. For it is confented and agreed, that the inhabitants and subjects of the aforefaid confederates be free to travell, by fea or land, into the kingdomes, countries, provinces, lands, iflands, townes, citties, villages, walled or unwalled, fortifyed or no, ports, dominions whatsoever freely, or without fafeconduct, generall or speciall, to goe, and thence to returne, and thence to ftay or paffe over, and all the while to buy victualls and things neceffary for their ufe, and are to be treated with all benevolence. And also it shall be lawfull for the fubjects, cittizens, and inhabitants of either of the confederates to exercise marchandife and commerce in all places wherein any commerce hath hitherto bin exercifed, and the fame merchandise may be carryed in or forth according to their pleasure, paying nevertheleffe the ufuall tax, and ob ferving ferving the lawes and ordinances of the aforefaid kingdome and commonwealth; fuppofing on both fides that the people, fubjects, and inhabitants of either of the confederates fhall have and poffeffe in the countreys, lands, dominions, and kingdome of the other, as full and ample priviledges, and as much freedome, liberty, and immunity as any stranger poffeffeth, or fhall poffeffe in the faid dominions and kingdomes. 5. The marchants, mafters of fhips, pylots, feamen, and others, their fhips, marchandise, and all goods in generall of the said confederates, and their subjects and inhabitants, fhall not be apprehended or deteined in the lands, ports, fhoares, harbors, or dominions whatsoever in alliance with the other, for any publique use, expedition of warre, or other caufe, much leffe for any private man's use, by virtue of any edict, generall or speciall; neither shall they be molested or constrained by violence or injury, or any thing of that kind: provided that arrests be not prohibited, if they are made according to the ordinary forme of lawe, juftice, and equity, they fhall not neglect the punishment. of any for private affection. 6. And if one or more fhips of the subjects, cittizens, or inhabitants, be they of warre or of burden and private mens, fhall be forced by tempefts or pursued by pyrats and enemies, or any urgent neceffity, to the harbour or Thoares of the other confederate, and be forced to call for protection, they fhall be received there with all benignity, humanity, and friendship, and att no time be hindered; and all victuall, reparation, and things fitt for ufe att the ordinary price; they fhall not be prohibited to depart or goe out of the port or harbour by any pretence whatsoever, as long as they have not committed any thing against the ftatutes, ordinances, and cuftome of the place: where their fhips are brought, and where they shall fojourne. 7. Likewise, if one thip, or more, of warr, or of private men of the other confederate, and of the subjects and inhabitants, fhall be fhipwrecked or caft on the coast of the dominions of the other confederate, or for the future may suffer detriment, they may be relieved and helped att a price agreed on; so that whatsoever fhall be faved from the fhipwreck, fhall be preferved and re-ftored to the true owner or his factor. 8. And if the fubjects and inhabitants of the other confederate, whither they be marchants, their factors, fervants, mafter of fhips, pyrats, feamen, or others, have occafion to travelle into the dominions of the other confederate; or if any thing fhall come in their name before a court of juftice, or fuits for their debts, or for any other lawfull reafon, wherein they may need the help of the magiftrate: in thefe things he fhall be benigne and ready for equityes fake, and fhall adminifter juftice without delay or unneceffary circumstances, and they shall not be hindered in their journey by any pretence;: butt whitherfoever they goe, are to be ufed friendly, and thall have the liberty either in going or returning, to carry and wearearmes for their private defence, and to walke into the harbours, fea-ports, and in any publique place of the other confederate armed; provided they give no occafion of juft fufpicion to the governors or magiftrates of any place, of any defigne against the publique or private peace; butt chiefly they are to behave themselves modeftly, and to live without any injury. 9. It is lawful for the forefaid confederate, and both their people, to buy and export out of any of their countreys, dominions, and kingdomes, all forts of armes and provifion of warre, and freely and fafely to carry their ships into what ports, stations, and harbours of the other confederate they please, and there to fojourne, and from thence to goc; and they are to carry themfelves modeftly, peaceably, and conforme to all the lawes and cuftomes of the place, and they may trade there without any hindrance; likewise the ships of warr have free leave to come to the ports, havens, and stations of the other confederates. Butt nevertheleffe, if there be a manifeft fufpicion in their number, they may forbid their acceffe, without they have obtained leave of the confederate in whofe ports they are, (unleffe they are drawne in by tempefts, or force, or danger, or chiefe magiftrate); and are not to stay longer then the governour or chiefe magiftrate will give them leave. 10. It fhall be lawfull for the fubjects and inhabitants of the kingdome of Sweden to travel into all the countreys of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and likewise to paffe beyond land or fea, and other people that commerce with them, to exercise trade in all kind of marchandice, and to bring them thither, and carry thence att their pleasure. The people of the aforefaid commonwealth shall injoy the fame liberty in the kingdomes, dominions, and territories of the queene and kingdome of Sweden; butt, uppon condition that they shall obferve the refpective lawes, ordinances, and perticular rights of both nations, and of those things which concerne the traficque. II. Although it be prohibited by the former articles of this league and friendship, that neither of the confederates fhall give aide or affiftance to the enemies of the other, nevertheleffe it is no way to be understood, that it is denyed to the confederate and his fubjects and people, who is not in warre, to have commerce and navigation with the enemies of that confederate who is in warre. Provided only in the meane time, untill it may be more fully agreed uppon, all lawes hereunto perteining, that none of thofe commodityes called contrebanda (of which a speciall defignation or catalogue fhall be agreed uppon, within fower moneths from this time) fhall be carryed to the enemies of either, uppon perill, that if they be found out by the other confederate, they fhall be taken as prize without hope of restitution. 12. Butt least this free navigation or paffage by land or fea with other nations, of the one confæderate, his fubjects or people, during the warre of the other confederate, fhould be a deceipt to the other confederate, and may conceale commodities and hoftile goods, by deceipt, pretending the name of a friend; for that reason, to remove fufpition and fraud, it is thought fitt that the shippes, waggons, marchandifes, and men belonging to one of the confederates, in their journeys and navigation fhall be armed with letters of fafe-conduct, commonly called paffeports and certificates, which fhall be figned by the chiefe governor or magiftrate of the province or citty from whence they come, and in all them, thofe formes to be obferved which shall be agreed uppon within the |