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ple, he then proceeded to order numbers of Roman citizens to be strangied in the gaols: so that the exclamation, "I am a citizen of Rome !" which has often, in the most distant regions, and among the most barbarous people, been a protection, was of no service to them; but on the contrary, brought a speedier and more severe punishment upon them.

11. I ask now Verres, what thou hast to advance against this charge? Wilt thou pretend to deny it? Wilt thou pretend, that any thing false, that even any thing aggravated, is alledged against thee? Had any price, or any state, committed the same outrage against the privilege of Romau citizens, should we not think we had sufficient ground for demanding satisfaction?

12. What punishment ought then, to be inflicted upon a tyrannical and wicked prætor, who dared, at no greater distance than Sicily, within sight of the Italian coast, to put to the infamous death of crucifixion, that unfortunate and innocent citizen, Publius Gavins Cosanus, only for his having asserted his privilege of citizenship, and declared his intention of appealing to the justice of his coun try, against the cruel oppressor, who had unjustly confined him in prison at Syracuse, whence he had just made his escape?

13. The unhappy man, arrested as he was going to embark for his native country, is brought before the wicked prætor With eyes darting fury, and a countenance distorted with cruelty, he orders the helpless victim of his rage to be stripped, and rods to be brought-accusing him, but without the least shadow of evidence, or even of suspicion, of having come to Sicily as a spy.

14. It was in vain that the unhappy man cried out, 44 am a Roman citizen: 1 have served under Lucius Pretius who is now at Panormus and will attest my innocence" The blood-thirsty prætor, deaf to all he could urge in his own defence ordered the infamous punishment to be inAlicted.

15. Thus, Fathers, was an innocent Roman citizen publicly mangled with scourging; whilst the only words be uttered amidst his cruel sufferings, were, "Lam, a Roman citizen! "With these he hoped to defend himself from violence and infamy. But of so little service was his privilege to him, that, while he was thus asserting his

citizenship, the order was given for his execution upon

the cross

16.

O liberty! O sound once delightful to every Roman ear! O sacred privilege of Roman citizenship -once sacred-now trampled upon!-But what then!-Is it come to this? Shall an inferior magistrate, a governor, who holds his whole power of the Roman people, in a Roman province, within sight of Italy, bind, scourge, torture with fire and red hot plates of iron, and at last put to the infamous death of a cross, a Roman citizen?

17. Shall neither the cries of innocence expiring in agony, nor the tears of pitying spectators, nor the majesty of the Roman conmonwealth, nor the fear of justice of his country, restrain the licentious and wanton cruelty of a monster, who in confidence of his riches, strikes at the rout of liberty, and sets mankind at defiance?.

18. I conclude with expressing my hopes, that your wisdom and justice, Fathers, will not, by suffering the attrocious and unexampled insolence of Caius Verres to esoape due punishment, leave room to apprehend the danger of a total subversion of authority, and the introduction of general anarchy and confusion. Cicero's Oratións.

SECTION II.

Speech o Adherb al to the Roman Senate, imploring their protection against Jugurtha.

FATHERS!

1. It is known to you, that king Micipsa, my father, on his death-bed, left in charge of Jugurtha, his adopted son, conjunctly with my unfortunate brother Hiempsal and myse f he children of his own body, the administration of the ki gdom of Numidia, directing us to consider the senate and people of Rome as proprietors of it He charged us to use our best endeavours to be serviceable to the Roman Commonwealth; assuring us, that your protection would prove a defence against all enemies; and would be instead of armies, fortifications and treasures.

2 While my brother and I were thinking of nothing but how to regulate ourselves according to the directions

of our deceased father- Jugurtha- the most infamous of mankind! breaking through all ties of gratitude and commoo humanity, and trampling on the authority of the Roman commonwealth, procured the murder of my unfortunate brother; and has driven me from my throne and native country, though he knows I inherit from my grandfather Massinissa, and my father Micipsa, the friendship and alliance of the Romans.

3 For a prince to be reduced, by villainy, to my distressful circumstanes, is calamity enough; but my misfortunes are heightened by the consideration-that I find myself obliged to solicit your assistance, Fathers, for the services done you by my ancestors, not for any I have been able to render you in my own person. Jugurtha has put it out of my power to deserve any thing at your hands; and has forced me to be burthensome, before I could be useful to you.

4. And yet, if I had no plea, but my undeserved misery- a onca powerful prince, the descendant of a race of illastefous monarchs, new, without any fault of my own, destitute of every support, and reduced to the necessity of begging foreign assistance, against an enemy who has seized my throne and my kingdom-if my unequalled distresses were all I had to plead-it would become the greatness of the Roman commonwealth, to protect the injured, and to check the triumph of daring wickedness ever helpless innocence.

5. But to provoke your resentment to the utmost, Jugurtha has driven me from the very dominions, which the senate and people of Rome gave to my ancestors; and from which, my grandfather, and my father under your umbrage, expelled Syphax and the Carthagenians. Thus, Fathers your kindness to our family is defeated; and Jugurtha, in injuring me, throws contempt upon you. 6 O wretched prince! Oh cruel reverse of fortune! Oh father Micipsa! is this the consequence of thy generosity; that be, whom thy goodness raised to an equality with thy own children, should be the murderer of thy ehildren? Must, then, the royal house of Numidia always be a scene of havoc and blood? While Carthage remained, we suffered, as was to be expected, all sorts of hardships from their hostile attacks; our enemy near;

our only powerful ally, the Roman commonwealth, at a distance.

7. When that scourge of Africa was no more, we congratulated ourselves on the prospect of established peace. But, instead of peace, behold the kingdom of Numidia drenched with royal blood! and the only surivivng son of of its late king, flying from an adopted murderer, and seeking that safety in foreign parts, which he cannot command in his own kingdom.

8. Whither--Oh whither shall I fly! If I return to the royal palace of my ancestors, my father's throne is seized by the murderer of my brother. What can I there expect, but that Jugurtha should hasten to imbrue, in my blood, those bands which are now reeking with my broth-.. er's? If I were to fly for refuge, or for assistance, to any other court, from what prince can I hope for protection, if the Roman commonwealth give me up? From my own family or friends I have no expectations.

9. My royal father is no more. He is beyond the reach of violence, and out of hearing of the complaints of his unhappy son. Were my brother alive our mutual sympathy would be some alleviation But he is hurried out of life.in his early youth,by the very hand which should have been the last to injure any of the royal family of Numidia. 10. The bloody Jugurtha has butchered all whom he suspected to be in my interest. Some have been destroyed by the lingering torment of the cross. Others have been

given a prey to wild beasts, and their anguish made the sport of men more cruel than wild beasts. If there be any yet alive, they are shut up in dungeons, there to drag out a life more intolerable than death itself.

11.

Look down, illustrious senators of Rome! from that height of power to which you are raised, on the unexampled distress of a prince, who is, by the cruelty of an intruder, become an outcast from all mankind. Let not the crafty insinuations of him who returns murder for adeption, prejudice your judgment. Do not listen to the wretch who has butchered the son and relations of a king, who gave him power to set on the same throne with his own sons.

12. I have been informed that he labours by his emissaries to preven' your determining any thing against him in his absence; pretending that I magnily my distress, and

1

might, for him, have staid in peace in my own kingdom.But, if ever the time comes, when the due vengeance from above shall overtake him, he will then dissemble as I do. Then he, who now hardened in wickedness, triumphs over those whom his violence has laid low, will, in his turn, feel distress, and suffer for his impious ingratitude to my father, and his blood thirsty cruelty to my brother.

13. O murdered, butchered brother! Oh dearest to my heart-now gone forever from my sight! But why should I lament his death? He is, indeed, deprived of the blessed light of heaven, of life, and kingdom, at once, by the very person who ought to have been the first to bazard his own life, in defence of any one of Micipsa's family. But as things are, my brother is not so much deprived of these comforts, as delivered from terror, from flight, from exile, and the endless train of miseries which rendered life to me a burthen.

14. He lies full low, gored with wounds, and festering in his own blood. But he lies in peace. He feels none of the miseries which rend my soul with agony and distraction, while I am set up as a spectacle to all mankind, of the uncertainty of human affairs. So far from having it in my power to punish his murderer, I am not master of the means of securing my own life. So far from being in a condition to defend my kingdom from the violence of the usurper. I am obliged to apply for foreign protection for my own person.

15. Fathers! Senators of Rome! the arbitors of nations to you I fly for refuge from the murderous fury of Jugurtha. By your affection for your children; by your love for your country; by your own virtues; by the majesty of the Roman commonwealth; by all that is sacred and all that is dear to you-deliver a wretched prince from undeserved, unprovoked injury; aud save the kingdom of Numidia, which is your own property, from being the prey to violence, usurpation, and cruelty. Sallust.

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