Per sudum rutilare vident et pulsa tonare. Heu quantae miseris caedes Laurentibus instant! 6 31. 15: but this hardly seems authority enough. 529.] Sudum' subst.: see Freund. In G. 4. 77 it is an adjective. Vident' of hearing v. 360. Pal. and Rom. have 'sonare.' For the sound of arms in the air as a portent comp. G. 1. 474, where it is one of the phaenomena at the time of Caesar's death. 530.] 'Obstipuere animis:' see on 2. 120. 'Alii' has nearly the force of "ceteri,” as in 5. 834. 531.] Adgnovit sonitum et divae promissa parentis,' recognized in the sound the fulfilled promise. Comp. Aesch. Ag. 123 ἐδάη λαγοδαίτας Πομπούς τ' ἀρχάς, Soph. O. T. 1054 voeîs èkeîvov övτiv' apríws Μολεῖν ἐφιέμεσθα τόν θ ̓ οὗτος λέγει; 6 530 535 535.] It is difficult to understand from this cursory notice what were the exact terms of Venus' promise. We do not know the time when the promise was given, and this ignorance must affect our understanding of the condition si bellum ingrueret.' If we suppose Venus' promise to have been made shortly before Aeneas started for Pallanteum, then 'si bellum ingrueret' will be the thing about which Venus was to give a sign, the sound and flash of armour answering the double purpose of indicating that the armour itself was being brought and that war was at hand, for which last object see G. 1. 474, referred to on v. 529. But it seems more natural to believe that the promise was made while war was still a mere contingency, and that Venus undertook in the event of trouble arising in Italy to bring armour from Vulcan, and to make it heard and seen as she brought it. This will account better for Aeneas' exaltation, as his previous depression would then be owing to his seeing a doubtful war before him, without having received the promised sign of divine aid. Gossrau thinks the hemistich shows that Virg. could not work out the passage as he wished, and adds 532.] Memorat:' see on 2. 650. 'Ne vero' 11. 278, μǹ dñтa. The earnestness seems partly to arise from Aeneas' elevation of mind, partly intended to allay Evander's fears. Profecto' is virtually i. q. 'vero.' 533.] Ferant' seems to combine the notions of announcing and actually bring ing. Ego' emphatic. Serv. speaks of two punctuations, after 'poscor' and after Olympo.' The latter has been revived by Peerlkamp, Ladewig, and Haupt: but the rhythm is strongly against it. Aeneas might well say that he was called by Olympus, after the sign of the divine will just given. Comp. "sonitus Olympi" 6. 586. There is a general resemblance between Aeneas' position here with regard to Evander and Oedipus' relation to Theseus when the thunder comes announcing his end. Perhaps we may comp. with this passage Soph. O. C. 1654, where Theseus is described by the messenger after the death of Oedipus as yν тε троoкvvоûve' ἅμα Καὶ τὸν θεῶν Ολυμπον ἐν ταὐτῷ λόγῳ. 534.] Germ. comp. Soph. O. C. 94 σημεῖα δ ̓ ἤξειν τῶνδέ μοι παρηγγύα "Η σELOμdvВρovтhv tiv' în Aids oéλas. This is another instance of Virg.'s fondness for 66 quod si talibus in locis quasi de opere absoluto iudicas, poetae facis iniuriam." Volcania arma 12. 739. 537.] Comp. generally Latinus' forebodings 7. 595 foll., and the prophecy of Nereus Hor. 1. Od. 15. 4, which Virg. may have had in his mind. 540 Quas poenas mihi, Turne, dabis! quam multa sub undas 538.] For the latter half of this line and for the next comp. 1. 100 note. Here Rom. and one of Ribbeck's cursives have 'unda,' and one inferior copy undis.' With the general anticipation comp. 6.87. Heyne remarks that there is no battle at the Tiber like that at the Scamander: Virg. however has chosen to repeat the image 12. 35. 540.] "Quasi, eant nunc et flagitent bellum," Serv. The picture is that which we have had 7. 572 foll. 541-553.] After sacrificing to Hercules, Aeneas sends part of his crew home with news, and prepares to go himself with others on horseback to the Etruscan camp.' 541.] Solio ab alto' 11. 301. epithet here seems used a little loosely, as in v. 461. The 542.] For an act of worship immediately following on the receipt of a supernatural communication comp. 3. 176., 5.743.,7.135 foll. We do not hear of any sacrifice having been offered privately to Hercules the night before by Aeneas or Evander, after the concluding celebration at the Ara Maxuma (v. 306); but such sacrifices were doubtless common, if indeed the mere kindling of the hearth in the "atrium" would not be a religious act (comp. 1.704), so that there would be no need to mention it. Hercules would naturally be one of Evander's household gods, as they seem to have varied in the case of different persons, 5.63. This is one of Heyne's explanations, and it seems sufficiently natural, being confirmed moreover by the parallel 5. 743. The alternatives he offers are to suppose that sacred fire had been taken from the Ara Maxuma the evening before by Evander and placed on his domestic altar, so that 'Herculeis ignibus' would "ignibus ex Herculis ara sumptis," which is Cerda's view, and to read 'Herceis' (comp. note on 2. 512), which, as he remarks, is confirmed by Lucan 9. 977 "Herceas, monstrator ait, non respicis aras ?" Wagn. = 545 thinks that there is another sacrifice at 543.] Suscitat' Rom., doubtless from a recollection of v. 410., 5. 743. 'Externum' Rom., which Heyne and Voss prefer, interpreting it i. q. §éviov: but the word could not well bear such a sense, and 'hesternum' is sufficiently defended by what has been said on v. 542. The Penates may be either Aeneas' own or Evander's or both. 544.] Laetus' 3. 178: see on 7. 430 &c. Adit' a special word of approaching in worship. Gossrau comp. Cic. Legg. 2.10 "Caste iubet lex adire ad deos," Forb. Lucr. 5. 1229 " votis adit ac prece quaesit." Comp. the use of "accedere," "adhibere," "admovere." "Mactant' Med., mactat' Pal., Rom., Gud. The sing. is perhaps slightly more probable: comp. 1. 513 Obstipuit simul ipse simul perculsus Achates." For the sense see on 4. 57, where the words have already occurred. Whether this is part of the sacrifice to the household deities, or a separate one performed elsewhere, we cannot say. 545.] Pariter,' not equally with Aeneas but equally with each other: comp. the double "simul" just quoted from 1. 513, and the double "aeque" Hor. 1 Ep. 1. 25. 546.] Graditur: Aeneas, who has been the main subject of the paragraph. Comp. v. 271. Serv. says 66 unum vacat, aut 'post' aut hinc,' ut 'Post hinc digrediens (digressus) iubeo frondentia capris Arbuta sufficere' (G. 3. 300) :" but both here and there 'post' refers properly to time, 'hinc' to place. Sociosque revisit' 6. 899: comp. 4. 396. Quorum de numero, qui sese in bella sequantur, 547.] It matters little whether we construct de numero' with 'legit' (comp. Varro R. R. 2. 8, "de asinis quam amplissimum formosissimumque possunt eligunt") or with the suppressed antecedent to 'qui -sequantur.' Virg. has expressed himself as if the service for which these men were chosen was one of peculiar danger, which was hardly the case, as Aeneas was going to a presumably friendly power. We may say that he would naturally wish to show the Etruscans that he had warriors of his own: but this is hardly hinted at in the text. Perhaps the stress is rather on 'sese' than on bella.' 548.] Prona' G. 1. 203. 549.] Fertur aqua' is explained by the next clause to mean are carried without any exertion of their own: elsewhere it merely means navigation of any sort. So "fertur equis" sometimes means riding generally (5. 574), sometimes being run away with (1. 476). "Missusque secundo defluit amni" G. 3. 447. Segnis,' without need of rowing, a contrast to their former journey, where, though Tiber made his stream smooth, "remigio noctemque diemque fatigant," v. 94. The epithet is perhaps intended to hint a faint opposition between the 'praestantis virtute' and their inferiors, though it is difficult to justify such an opposition: see on v. 547. 550.] Rerumque patrisque' may be taken as a hendiadys. 'Nuntia patris' however is not unlike the Homeric Tarpòs аkovýν Od. 5. 19. Ascanio' may be constructed either with 'nuntia' (comp. 9. 228 "quisve Aeneae iam nuntius esset") or with 'ventura.' Heyne remarks that we are not told of the arrival of this party, the matter being of no consequence. Yet considering the straits to which the absence of Aeneas reduced his followers, we might have expected to hear something of the effect produced by the appearance of messengers from him. 551.] Dantur,' by Evander. 'Petentibus' rather than "petituris," as they were 550 555 already making for the place from the time when they were chosen to the service. See on 1. 519 &c. 552.] Ducunt exsortem:' see on 5. 534. Here the primary reference of 'ducunt' is of course to leading the horse along, like "equum duci iubet " 10. 858, though Virg. may have glanced at " ducere sortem." We need not suppose that the other horses are actually distributed by lot, but merely that this is set apart for Aeneas without any question of choice. It is singular that the horse-cloth should be described rather than the horse itself. Lersch § 34 need hardly have doubted whether 'quem' refers to the horse or to Aeneas, especially after the conclusive parallel he has cited 11.770 about the horse of Chloreus. 553.] Unguibus aureis' 5. 352, also of a lion's skin. Pal. and Gud. (originally) have obiit,' as in v. 544 adiit:' see Exc. on G. 2. 81 (second edition). 554.] Fama volat' followed by an inf. clause 3. 121. 555.] Litora' Med., Rom., Gud. (corrected), limina' Pal., Gud. (originally). The same variety has met us 2.321, though there the authority for litora' is very slight. Here it would seem to have the support of the great majority of MSS., the only other authorities distinctly quoted for limina' being one of Ribbeck's cursives, seven copies mentioned by Heins., and one by Burm., while we can hardly treat Pal. and Gud. as independent witnesses. 'Litora' however cannot be said to be a natural reading. The Tyrrhenian army may have been encamped near the shore (comp. v. 497), but the shore of the king is not the same as his seaside camp, and there is a disagreeable incongruity between 'equites' and 'litora,' not justified as in the case of "puppes signa ferre Vota metu duplicant matres, propiusque periclo iubent" v. 498 by any rhetorical propriety. 557.] The features of the war-god begin to loom larger.' They realize war more as their kinsmen are departing to it. The conception is not quite the same as in 2. 369, with which it is there compared, as in the other passages quoted the mere sight of a physical object seems to be meant here War is conceived of as spectre which haunts the imagination. a 558.] "Dextramque amplexus inhaesit" v. 124. 'Euntis' is explained by the context and the word 'pater' to mean Pallas. 559.] There are three possible readings, inexpletum lacrimans' Pal. (originally), 'inexpletus lacrimans' Pal. (corrected), Rom. (which has 'inpletus,' the original reading of Gud.), and inexpletus lacrimis' Med. All three are mentioned by Serv., who prefers the first; and this was the usual reading till Wagn., who introduced the second. Inexpletus lacrimans' is strongly supported by G. 4. 370, though there is a question there between "saxosus" and "saxosum," and by A. 3. 70 "lenis crepitans," 5. 764 "creber adspirans," at 560 565 the same time that it enables us to account easily for the two other readings. See also on G. 3. 28. 560.] Evander's yearning after the glories of his youth is modelled on two speeches of Nestor's, II. 7. 132 foll., 11. 670 foll., though the Virgilian hero is much briefer than the Homeric. 561.]Qualis eram' in loose apposition with 'praeteritos annos.' 'Cum primam is generally taken as i. q. "cum primum,' itself the reading of some copies, apparently however of none of Ribbeck's, though it has been attributed to Rom. But it may be questioned whether it does not mean the front rank, which would be supported by Il. 11. 675 8 8' àμvvwv you βόεσσιν Ἔβλητ ̓ ἐν πρώτοισιν ἐμῆς ἀπὸ xeipòs ǎкOVтI. Comp. 7. 531 note, 10. 125. Praeneste' fem. by synesis, Madv. § 412. So "gelida Praeneste" Juv. 3. 190. Sub ipsa,' under its very walls, the enemy probably being driven back there. 562.] As Serv. remarks, this burning of the spoils was a Roman practice supposed to have been introduced by Tarquinius Priscus, who, after a victory over the Sabines, burned their shields in honour of Vulcan. For instances in later history Lersch § 48 cites Livy 8. 30., 23. 46., 45. 33 &c. The spoils of the Latins are burnt 11. 193, as a sort of compensation to the Trojan dead. In Hom. arms seem only to be burnt in honour of the person who wore them. 563.] Sub Tartara misi' 11. 397., 12. 14. The name and the story of this second Geryon seem to be otherwise unknown. 564.] Feronia' 7. 800. 565.] Erulus seems to have had three lives, not, like his prototype Geryon, three bodies, though it is difficult to distinguish the conceptions, at least if Aesch. Ag. 869 foll. is right in giving Geryon a separate life for each body. If we take ‘animas' strictly, we must suppose 'terna arma movenda' to be a simple consequence of Ter leto sternendus erat; cui tum tamen omnis the three lives: having been killed, he could 566.] Sternendus erat,' he required to be laid low. Comp. Plaut. Bacch. 1. 1. 31 "Ah nimium ferus es. Mihi sum. Mala cissandus es." It is doubtful whether 'leto' is dat., as Wagn. thinks, or abl. "Neque aversos dignatur sternere morti 12.464 is in favour of the one, "Sterneret ut subita turbatam morte Camillam 11. 796,"Sternere caede viros " 10. 119, of the latter. Comp. G. 4. 432. Tunc' is here found in all Ribbeck's MSS. except one cursive. See on G. 2. 317 (2nd edition). 567.] "Animam abstulit hosti" 9. 443. 568.] It seems most natural, with Haupt and Ribbeck, to make this the apodosis of v. 560. Evander says that if he were as he once was he should go to combat by his son's side. Comp. Il.7. 157, 8. 'Usquam' nearly i.q. "umquam :" comp. 5. 853 (note) nusquam amittebat." If there is any special force in the word here, it must mean neither at home nor on the battle-field. 569.] "Nate, tua" opens a line similarly 6. 689. Finitimo' Med., Rom., Gud., 'finitimos' Pal. originally, which Ribbeck adopts, taking it apparently in apposition with 'funera. The old reading, 'finitimus,' which Heyne recalled, seems found only in one or two inferior MSS. Serv. interprets' finitimo :' but his note is apparently confused with another which rather points to 'finitimos,' as he calls attention to Evander's feeling towards his neighbours as showing heroic unselfishness. But 'fini 570 575 timo' is doubtless the true reading, being constructed not, as Burm. thought, with 'ferro' but with 'capiti,' which thus forms a periphrasis such as we see in Greek plays. Usquam,' Pal., Rom., Gud., was restored by Heins.; but Wagn. rightly recalled 'umquam,' the reading of Med. Gud. has also a variant hostis.' 570. "Funera dare" G. 3. 246 note. 6 571.] Pierius' note on 'viduasset' may amuse the reader: "Servius ait, proprie 'viduasset' dictum a Vergilio, quia urbs est generis feminini: abusive vero et satis incongrue ab Horatio dictum 'viduus pharetra Risit Apollo.' Quia scilicet putat ipse viduam quasi viro iduam dici. Atqui sunt ex grammaticis quorum auctoritas minime contemnenda est qui 'viduam' a 've' et 'duitate' dictum velint, sicut 'vesanus' non sanus, atque ita non incongrue dixerit Horatius 'viduus Apollo.' Serv.'s supposed etymology is so far nearer the truth that "viduus " has the same root as"dividere" and "iduare." Viduo' occurs Lucr. 5. 840, where it is constructed with a gen., as here with an abl. Urbem' can hardly be Agylla, as Forb. thinks, as unless we read 'finitimos,' there is nothing in the context to favour Serv.'s supposition mentioned on v. 569 that Mezentius' treat-. ment of his subjects would have concerned Evander. Mezentius was an ally of Turnus, and Turnus was an enemy of Evander, so that we may readily suppose that Mezentius had been a scourge to his neighbours of Pallanteum. Gossrau's solution, that Mezentius had persisted in his tyranny in defiance of Evander's counsels, seems quite gratuitous. 573.] Miserescere,' in earlier Latin impersonal, is personal here, as in 2. 145. 574.] Comp. generally 4. 612. The gods and fate are made co-ordinate, as in v. 512. 576.] If, while I live, I live with the certainty of seeing him again.' Rom. has |