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Quam super adventu Teucrum Turnique hymenaeis
Femineae ardentem curaeque iraeque coquebant.
Huic dea caeruleis unum de crinibus anguem
Coniicit inque sinum praecordia ad intima subdit,
Quo furibunda domum monstro permisceat omnem.
Ille, inter vestes et levia pectora lapsus,
Volvitur attactu nullo, fallitque furentem,
Vipeream inspirans animam; fit tortile collo
Aurum ingens coluber, fit longae taenia vittae,
Innectitque comas, et membris lubricus errat.
Ac dum prima lues udo sublapsa veneno

and so silent, or as lonely, because Amata was sitting apart to indulge her melancholy. It may however have reference to the silence of night. Comp. v. 413, where Allecto visits Turnus at midnight. Obsedit' implies hostility. 'Limen' is the threshold of Amata's room; and as the rooms were very small there is no incongruity in the idea of the Fury reaching Amata where she was lying without passing the threshold. For the threshold as the seat of the Furies comp. 4. 473., 6. 563. 344.] Super' as in v. 358 below, 1. 750 &c.

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345.] The sense of 'coquebant' is fixed by 'ardentem' as being nearly i. q. “inflammabant," perhaps with a further notion of agitation, as in the simile vv. 462 foll. The sense therefore is not the same as Téσσew xóλov, to digest, smother one's anger. Virg. probably thought of the well-known lines of Ennius (A. 10. fr. 5), "O Tite, si quid ego adiuero curamve levasso Quae nunc te coquit et versat in pectore fixa, Ecquid erit praemi ?"

346.] Coniicere' with dat. below v. 456. "Caeruleos inplexae crinibus anguis " G. 4. 482: see on G. 1. 236. The identity of the hair and the serpents is shown here partly by the epithet caeruleus,' partly by the expression 'unum de crinibus anguem' instead of "unum de anguibus" or "de crinibus." Gossrau comp. Ov. M. 4. 495, where the description of the agency of the Fury upon Ino and Athamas is throughout modelled on Virg., though Ovid's luxuriant fancy contrasts significantly with Virg.'s self-restraint.

347.] The meaning expressed in full would be "subdit in sinum ita ut ad praecordia perveniat."

348.] Furibunda' (Amata) with 'monstro.' 'Monstro' may refer specifically to the serpent or generally to the whole

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agency, like "quo motu" G. 1. 329 note. Domum permisceat' like versare domos above v. 336.

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349.] Levia' gives the reason of 'volvitur attactu nullo,' as 'furentem' does of fallit:' and throughout the passage there is an effort of ingenuity to sustain the physical probability. The serpent takes the form of the serpentine "torquis" and 'taenia,' and it infuses its venom by the breath, not with the tooth. "Inter pateras et levia pocula serpens" 5. 91. Rom. and some of Pierius' MSS. have levia corpora.' 'Devia' is rather an ingenious variety in one MS., the Rottendorph. tert.

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350.] Attactus,' a very rare word, found only in the abl. sing. Freund. Fallit,' passes unnoticed by her. 'Fallit,' though governing furentem,' is to be joined with inspirans,' λadev eloπvéwv, as Heyne suggests. Gossrau comp. Lucan. 6. 64, "Prima quidem surgens operum structura fefellit Pompeium." With the general character of the passage we may comp. 1. 688, "Occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno."

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351.] Vipeream animam,' not, a spirit like that of a serpent, but, its poisonous breath. Inspirantque gravis animas" Ov. 1. c., who adds characteristically "nec volnera membris Ulla ferunt: mens est quae diros sentiat ictus." Collo' probably a local abl. (see on v. 140 above), rather than, as in 1. 654, a dative.

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352.] Tortile aurum,' i. q. " torquis." Heyne remarks that "torques" in the form of serpents often appear in ancient art. The taenia' was the end of the ribbon forming the 'vitta,' which hung down in serpentine undulations. Ingens coluber' is the subject.

353.] Innectit comas,' as being changed into the 'vitta.'

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354.] Prima pertemptat' &c. 'is but

Pertemptat sensus atque ossibus inplicat ignem,
Necdum animus toto percepit pectore flammam,
Mollius, et solito matrum de more, locuta est,
Multa super nata lacrimans Phrygiisque hymenaeis:
Exsulibusne datur ducenda Lavinia Teucris,
O genitor? nec te miseret gnataeque tuique?
Nec matris miseret, quam primo aquilone relinquet
Perfidus, alta petens abducta virgine, praedo?
At non sic Phrygius penetrat Lacedaemona pastor

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356.] The animus' is the dweller in the 'pectus,' like the "anima" 11. 409. "Cuncto concepit pectore flammam "Catull. 62 (64). 92, comp. by Cerda. Rom. has 'concepit ' here.

357.] Med. and Gud. a m. pr. omit 'est.'

358.] Natae' Med. &c., 'nata' Rom., Gud. a m. sec., and some others, including the Balliol MS. Pal. and the Vatican and Verona fragments are wanting. 'Nata' is the common reading. Wagn. restored natae,' and later editors have followed him. But natae Phrygiisque hymenaeis' for "natae Phrygisque hymenaeis" would be a little harsh, though not unexampled; and 'natae' may have arisen from 'gnatae' just below. Nata' would point to the personal peril of her daughter, Phrygiis hymenaeis' to the impolicy of a foreign alliance, both which motives are urged in Amata's speech. One or two MSS. have "natae Turnique hymenaeis from v. 398 (comp. v. 344 above), which may further account for natae,' though of course it might be used to justify that reading.

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359.] Exsulibus: the pl. is contemptuous, and points the general objection to the alliance. Datur' closely with 'ducenda." "Tibi ducitur uxor 8. 29. Pier. says that some old MSS. have "Exsulibus ducenda datur Lavinia Teucris," which is the usual quantity. See however 1. 255, 270 &c.

355

360

360.] Wagn. restores 'gnatae' for 'natae' from Med., Rom. &c. See on 2. 663. She calls him 'genitor,' as she calls herself mater' v. 361.

361.] She looks upon Aeneas as a rover, who has no intention of settling, and treats the marriage as an abduction, like those at the beginning of Hdt. 1. 'Primo aquilone,' with the first fair wind. She expects him to be going southward, though it is perhaps better not to press the word.

362.] "Alta petens" 5. 508, G. 1. 142, in different senses.

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363.] At non' Rom., Gud., 'an non' Med., which Ribbeck adopts. Serv. recognizes both. The same expression occurs 9. 144, where there is the same variety of reading, though the authority for 'at non' there is greater. Those who adopt 'at non' make the sentence here an ironical affirmation, there an interrogation: yet the two cases are obviously parallel. On the whole the interrogation seems best in both places, though it is not easy to decide. There is a passage in the Batrachomyomachia vv. 78 foll. which might be pleaded for making the sentence here affirmative: but there the mouse seems to say seriously that his passage on the frog's back is not so safe and pleasant as Europa's on the back of the bull. For 'at' in questions see Hand Turs. vol. 1. p. 438. Virg. thought of Il. 3. 46 foll., where Tolóσde ev answers to 'sic' here, though the sense is different. 'Penetrat' has been supposed to be a contracted form of "penetravit" (see on 5. 57), but it is merely the historic present. Penetrat' implies difficulty, which suits Amata's feelings, as she wishes to show the difference of the habits of the roving Phrygian and those of the peaceful Latin: it may also have a notion of secrecy and stealth, G. 2. 504. "Phrygius pastor:" comp. Hor. 1 Od. 15. 1. Forb. comp. Bion 2. 10, äρraσe Tàv 'Elévav тoľ 8 Bovкóλos.

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Ledaeamque Helenam Troianas vexit ad urbes?
Quid tua sancta fides? quid cura antiqua tuorum
Et consanguineo totiens data dextera Turno?
Si gener externa petitur de gente Latinis,
Idque sedet, Faunique premunt.te iussa parentis,
Omnem equidem sceptris terram quae libera nostris
Dissidet, externam reor, et sic dicere divos.
Et Turno, si prima domus repetatur origo,
Inachus Acrisiusque patres mediaeque Mycenae.

His ubi nequiquam dictis experta Latinum
Contra stare videt, penitusque in viscera lapsum
Serpentis furiale malum, totamque pererrat,
Tum vero infelix, ingentibus excita monstris,

364.] "Ledaeam Hermionen" 3. 328. Here the epithet may be meant to show that the bride was a stranger to the bridegroom, and so to contrast with Troianus.'

365.] Quid tua sancta fides' &c. The sense is obvious, what has become of your solemn pledge' &c., though it is difficult to say what is the exact ellipse. For similar, if not wholly parallel uses comp. 10. 672, G. 3. 258, 264. Sancta' may be a participle, "quam sanxisti," as if it were pacta fides." 'Antiqua,' an appeal to his past and so habitual conduct, as in 5. 688. One MS. has 'iura.'

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366.] Consanguineo,' the kinsman, that is, of Amata, who was the sister of Turnus's mother Venilia (10.76), according to a legend cited by Victor, Orig. Gent. Rom. 13, on the authority of Piso, and doubtless adopted by Virg. See Heyne Excursus 7 on this book. Virg. however may have meant to represent Turnus as the kinsman of Latinus through Pilumnus (10. 76, 619), who seems to have been connected with Saturn. "Data dextera " 4. 307. Latinus had doubtless promised Lavinia to Turnus before the portents mentioned vv. 58 foll.

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365

370

375

"Sedet..

of the person or by animo.'
ferre iter inpavidum" Stat. Theb. 1. 324.
Comp. "stat" 2. 750.

369.] Libera' expresses independence,
'dissidet' separation.
'Dissidet' of phy-
sical separation, like "distat," only in the
poets: see Freund.

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370.] Sic dicere,' that such is their meaning. The first reading of Med. is poscere.'

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371, 372.] Acrisius, the father of Danae (v. 410), was the fourth king of Argos, Inachus being the first. "Si prima repetens ab origine pergam "1. 372. diaeque Mycenae,' the heart of Mycenae : he is a thorough Mycenian. "Non Maurus erat... mediis sed natus Athenis" Juv. 3. 80. Virg. may have thought of Od. 1. 344, ка0' 'Еλλádа кal μéσov Aрyos. From 'patres' of course we must supply the notion of a mother-city.

373-405.] Failing to persuade Latinus, the queen becomes furious, and carries her daughter into the woods in a feigned religious frenzy, bidding the Latian women join her in an orgie.' 373.] Dictis' seems to be instr. abl. with experta.' Virtute experiamur Enn. A. 6. fr. 13.

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375.] Malum serpentis,' not a periphrasis for " serpens malus," but rather the poison of the serpent. Furialis,' of the nature of a Fury, recurs v. 415.

376.] 'Tum vero' after a previous clause 5. 720. "Tum vero infelix" 4. 450. 'Monstris,' phantasies. Comp. 3. 583, "inmania monstra Perferimus," the sights and sounds of Aetna, ib. 307, "magnis

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Inmensam sine more furit lymphata per urbem: Ceu quondam torto volitans sub verbere turbo, Quem pueri magno in gyro vacua atria circum

Intenti ludo exercent; ille actus habena Curvatis fertur spatiis; stupet inscia supra Inpubesque manus, mirata volubile buxum ; Dant animos plagae. Non cursu segnior illo Per medias urbes agitur populosque ferocis. Quin etiam in silvas, simulato numine Bacchi,

exterrita monstris," the sudden apparition of Aeneas to Andromache.

377.] Sine more,' wildly, breaking through all decency. Comp. 8. 635 and note on 5. 694. Inmensam' as applied to Laurentum is only a part of the general amplification, meaning little more than when it is said of Dido 4. 68, "tota vagatur urbe furens." Thus we do not need Heyne's inmensum,' which Ribbeck adopts, or Burm.'s 'incensam,' ingenious as both are. Lymphatus' is explained by Varro L. L. 7. 87, "lymphata' dicta a lympha:' lympha' a 'nympha'. In Graecia commota mente quos nympholemptos' appellant ab eo lymphatos' dixerunt nostri."

378.] Heyne thinks it certain that this simile is taken from some lost Greek poet, a singular way of vindicating Virg.'s taste at the expense of his originality. The 'turbo' or "turben" (top) was the Greek póußos or Béußig. Comp. Callim. Epigr. 1. 9, and also Tibull. 1. 5. 3, "Namque agor, ut per plana citus sola verbere turben Quem celer assueta versat ab arte puer." 'Torto verbere,' G. 3. 106 note. Quondam,' G. 4. 261 note.

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380

385

Ribbeck's MSS. 'Inscia' goes closely with stupet,' but is nevertheless coupled with inpubes:' see on 2. 86.

382.] Buxum,' of a top, Pers. 3. 51, perhaps in imitation of Virg. Comp. the use of "aurum,' ebur," &c.

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383.] Dryden supposed the subject of 'dant to be 'pueri,' plagae' being dat. sing., "And lend their little souls at every stroke;" but Trapp properly corrected him, pointing out that plagae' is nom. pl. It may still be questioned whether the meaning is that the lashes give life to the top, or that the exercise of whipping inspirits the boys and makes them go on. 'Illo' may be turbine,' ‘cursu segnior' like "segnior ubere" G. 2. 275; or 'cursu illo' may "illius cursu," as in the instances mentioned on 2. 171. 8.414 is perhaps slightly in favour of the latter.

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384.] "Populosque ferocis" 1. 263, also of the nations of Italy. Here the epithet seems to point partly to the insensibility of Amata, who braves insult, partly to the contagion which her fury is likely to spread among the Latins.

385.] This description of Bacchic orgies and frenzy is altogether Greek, and suggested by some Greek work, such as the Bacchae of Euripides. The Bacchanalia were introduced into Rome from Southern Italy through Etruria, but their celebration leading to dreadful excesses, they were suppressed throughout Italy by a decree of the Senate B.c. 186. See Livy 39. 8 foll. Perhaps Virg.'s 'nefas' may be a touch of Roman feeling. Comp. 4. 301 foll., where Dido is compared to a Bacchant. Med. and one of Ribbeck's cursives, both a m. pr., have in silvis.' Rom. and some others have nomine,' which might stand; but numine' is better. Serv. thinks simulato' means delusion, not conscious pretence, appealing to v. 405 below: but Virg. doubtless means that the pretended enthusiasm eventually took real hold on her. Ov. M. 6. 594 (of

Maius adorta nefas maioremque orsa furorem,
Evolat, et natam frondosis montibus abdit,
Quo thalamum eripiat Teucris taedasque moretur,
Euoe Bacche, fremens, solum te virgine dignum
Vociferans: etenim mollis tibi sumere thyrsos,
Te lustrare choro, sacrum tibi pascere crinem.
Fama volat, furiisque accensas pectore matres
Idem omnis simul ardor agit, nova quaerere tecta.
Deseruere domos, ventis dant colla comasque;
Ast aliae tremulis ululatibus aethera conplent,
Pampineasque gerunt incinctae pellibus hastas.
Ipsa inter medias flagrantem fervida pinum

Procne) is, as usual, more explicit, "furiis-
que agitata doloris, Bacche, tuas simulat."
386.] Rom. reads 'exorsa' unmetri-
cally (according to Ribbeck: Pierius re-
ports maiorem exorsa'). Schrader conj.
'ausa.'

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387.] Frondosus' of mountains 5. 252, G. 1. 282.

388.] Schrader wished to read 'taedasve,' but such exactness would be rather out of place here.

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390.] Mollis,' from the conical bunch of vine or ivy leaves, with grapes or berries, in which the thyrsus ended. Dict. A. Thyrsus.' So E. 5. 31, "foliis lentas intexere mollibus hastas." Or "mollis' may itself be i. q. 'lentus." Amata's words in oratione recta would be: "Tu solus virgine dignus; etenim tibi mollis sumit thyrsos." She represents her daughter in the act of devoting herself to Bacchus. 391.] Choros seems to be the reading of the bulk of MSS., including Rom. and Gud., the latter of which originally had 'chorus.' 'Choro' is the first reading of Med., 's' having been afterwards added, and of some others, including Canon. Heyne restored 'choro,' and his successors have followed him. The error arose from the first letter of the next word (see on G. 2. 219) and was perpetuated by those who did not understand the construction. Te lustrare choro,' Bacchus being the choragus, and the Bacchants dancing round him. Soph. Ant. 1150, Προφάνηθ ̓ ὦ Ναξίαις σαῖς ἅμα περιπόλοις Θυίαισιν, οἵ σε μαινόμεναι πάννυχοι Χορεύουσι τὸν ταμίαν Ιακχον. Also Hor. 2 Od. 19., where "carmina docentem" means teaching the chorus, as a choragus. So "lustrare choreis " 10. 224, Prop. 3. 1. 1. For sacrum tibi pascere crinem' comp. Eur. Bacch. 494, Ἱερὸς ὁ πλόκαμος, τῷ θεῷ

8' auтdν Tρépw.
or "alere""
barbam."

390

395

Pascere' for "nutrire" Hor. 2 S. 3. 35, "pascere

392.] When the matrons hear, they are caught by the contagion. Pectora' is the first reading of two of Ribbeck's cursives.

393.] "Idem omnis simul ardor habet" 4. 581. It matters little whether 'quaerere' be constructed with ardor' (see note on G. 1. 213) or with 'agit' (vv. 239, 240 above).

394.] Deseruere,' implying the instantaneousness of the action. Comp. G. 1. 330. Ventis dant colla comasque,' they let their hair flow unconfined about their necks. See v. 403, and comp. 1. 319, dederatque comam diffundere ventis. For the custom of unbinding the hair in religious enthusiasm see 3. 370.

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395.] Ast aliae,' &c. This seems to be the height of the Bacchic frenzy, and so distinguished from what precedes. But he may merely be imitating Catull. 62 (64). 256 foll., where the actions of the Bacchants are similarly distributed. Ribbeck transposes this and the next verse, after Peerlkamp, who wishes also to read 'illae' from a correction in Med., distinguishing 'illae' from 'ipsa.' 'Tremulis,' as if under the influence of wine; they have no command of their voices. 396.] Pampineas hastas:' comp. Ov. M. 3. 667, Pampineis agitat velatam frondibus hastam." Bacchus was said to have converted the thyrsi into dangerous weapons by concealing an iron point in the conical head of leaves. So Catull. 1. c. "tecta quatiebant cuspide thyrsos." But hastas need only be spearlike wands. Pellibus' are the skins of fawns, veßpides, which the Bacchants wore.

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397.] Soph. Ant. 1126, è 8' vrÈρ διλόφοιο πέτρας στέροψ ὄπωπε Λιγνύς.

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