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Sustinet, ac natae Turnique canit hymenaeos,
Sanguineam torquens aciem, torvumque repente
Clamat: Io matres, audite, ubi quaeque, Latinae : /
Si qua piis animis manet infelicis Amatae
Gratia, si iuris materni cura remordet,
Solvite crinalis vittas, capite orgia mecum.
Talem inter silvas, inter deserta ferarum,
Reginam Allecto stimulis agit undique Bacchi.
Postquam visa satis primos acuisse furores,
Consiliumque omnemque domum vertisse Latini,
Protinus hinc fuscis tristis dea tollitur alis
Audacis Rutuli ad muros, quam dicitur urbem
Acrisioneis Danae fundasse colonis,
Praecipiti delata Noto. Locus Ardea quondam

The torch however in the hand of Amata
has a further reference to natae Turnique
hymenaeos.' "Inter medias" 5. 618.
Pinus,' of a pine-wood torch, 9. 72, which
is parallel in other respects.

398.] Comp. for the rhythm Catull. 62 (64). 20, "Tum Thetis humanos non despexit hymenaeos."

399.]"Sanguineam volvens aciem" 4. 643. Torvum' transferred to sound, as in the well-known line Pers. 1. 99, "Torva Mimalloneis implerunt cornua bombis." Appul. Flor. 3 p. 357 has " vox humana

tuba rudore torvior."

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400

405

410

under the form of an old priestess, and bids him make war on the Trojans and, if necessary, on Latinus.'

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406.] It does not seem quite clear whether Allecto actually pursues Amata in her wanderings and orgies, as agit' in the last line would seem to imply, or whether she merely poisons her mind and then leaves the venom to work, passing on to Turnus, which would accord better with 'primos.' "Acuunt iras" 9. 464.

407.] Latinus was still in Aeneas' favour: but Allecto had really changed his purpose, by sowing the seeds of discord that would frustrate it.

408.] "Fuscis alis" 8. 369. The Fury has wings, as in 12. 848. So Eur. Orest. 317, δρομάδες ὦ πτεροφόροι, comp. by Cerda.

409.] The epithet audax' is again applied to Turnus, 9. 3. 126. Tollitur alis ad' like "volat ad."

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410.] The adj. 'Acrisioneus' (from 'Akpioiwv, another form of 'Akpioios) is found in Ovid, M. 5. 239, so that Serv. is wrong in making Acrisioneis' a fam. patronymic agreeing with Danae, and Heins. in proposing Acrisionaeis,' from "Acrisione" Danae. Heyne refers the story of Danae having founded a colony in Italy to the similarity between Danae and Daunia. It may however have arisen from the existence of a temple of Juno at Ardea like that at Argos. See v. 419 and Pliny 35. 10. Colonis' may be dat., but it is more probably abl. instr., i. q. COlonis deductis."

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411.] Wagn. once referred praecipiti delata Noto' to Allecto. But it is much more natural to take it of Danae, who is

Dictus avis; et nunc magnum tenet Ardea nomen;

Sed Fortuna fuit. Tectis hic Turnus in altis
Iam mediam nigra carpebat nocte quietem.
Allecto torvam faciem et furialia membra
Exuit; in voltus sese transformat anilis
Et frontem obscenam rugis arat; induit albos
Cum vitta crinis; tum ramum innectit olivae;
Fit Calybe Iunonis anus templique sacerdos :
Et iuveni ante oculos his se cum vocibus offert :
Turne, tot incassum fusos patiere labores,
Et tua Dardaniis transcribi sceptra colonis?
Rex tibi coniugium et quaesitas sanguine dotes
Abnegat, externusque in regnum quaeritur heres.

represented as having landed in Italy by stress of weather ("noto compulsus" 1. 576). Virg. may have thought of Simonides' celebrated lines about Danae on the sea, though he apparently means her to have companions like Dido. Some of Pierius' MSS. read 'Ardua,' so as to make a difference between the original and subsequent name of the city. But the point of the passage is that Ardea retains her ancient name but has lost her ancient glory. The city was desolate in the time of Virg., who is evidently speaking of his own day in saying 'nunc.' One legend Iwas that the name came from a heron which flew out of the ashes when the town was sacked (Ov. M. 14. 574 foll.), and some have fancied that 'avis' here means a bird.

412.] It is difficult to decide between 'manet' (Verona fragm., Med. first reading, Gud.) restored by Heins., and 'tenet' (Med. second reading, Rom., Verona Schol.), recalled by Wagn. "Tenet no

دو

men 6. 235.

413.] Fortuna' G. 4. 209 note. Fuit' 2. 325. We have had the words in a different sense 3. 16.

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414.] Median quietem' like "prima quies" 2. 268. 'Nigra' brings back the notion of midnight.

415.] "Faciemque deae vestemque reponit" 5. 619.

416.] Comp. v. 20 above. Ribbeck needlessly reads cultus' from a quotation in Arusianus p. 265.

417.] It is difficult to say whether 'obscenam' belongs to the brow of the Fury (comp. 12. 876), or to that of the old woman. In the latter case the epithet will be proleptic.

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415

420

418.] The vitta,' or ribbon which confined the hair, is of course different from the chaplet of olive. The latter is sacerdotal, v. 751 below, 6. 808, G. 3. 21.

419.] Wagn. seems right in taking the words sacerdos anus Iunonis et templi,' and comparing 2. 319, "Panthus, arcis Phoebique sacerdos."

421.] Patiere-fusos (esse) et-transcribi.' 'Fusos,' i. q. "effusos:" comp. G. 4. 492, "omnis effusus labor," the metaphor in each case being from the spilling of water, and for incassum fusos Lucr. 2.1165 there referred to.

422.] Tua sceptra,' i. e. the sceptre he was to inherit with Lavinia. For the technical use of 'transcribere' see the Dictt. Here it merely means to assign. It is used 5. 750 in a different connexion, though a colony is the subject. The first reading of Gud. is 'transcribis :' see on v. 391.

423.] Quaesitas sanguine:' it is implied v. 426 that Turnus had assisted Latinus in war against the Tyrrhenians. How this is to be reconciled with the long peace spoken of v. 46 does not appear:

we

can scarcely suppose that Turnus fought the battles of the Latins without their help. In 8. 55 the Arcadians (who may be meant by the Tyrrhenians here, though this is hardly probable) are said to be constantly at war with the Latins. The dowry is of course the kingdom of Latinus, which Turnus has earned, 'quaesivit.' "Sanguine quaerendi reditus" Abnegat tibi coniugium' (constructed like " negat' 3. 171) opp. to "dare coniugium" v. 433.

118.

424.]

2.

'In regnum' seems to go both with 'heres and with 'quaeritur.'

I nunc, ingratis offer te, inrise, periclis ;

Tyrrhenas, i, sterne acies; tege pace Latinos.
Haec adeo tibi me, placida cum nocte iaceres,
Ipsa palam fari omnipotens Saturnia iussit.
Quare age, et armari pubem portisque moveri

425

Laetus in arma para, et Phrygios, qui flumine pulchro 430
Consedere, duces pictasque exure carinas.
Caelestum vis magna iubet. Rex ipse Latinus,
Ni dare coniugium et dicto parere fatetur,
Sentiat, et tandem Turnum experiatur in armis.

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"quaesitas," ," "quaeritur" just above, vv. 423, 424. Peerlkamp conj. 'arva,' which Ribbeck adopts. Virg. was perhaps thinking of the 'Ovεipos Il. 2. 28, Owρnçal σe кéλευσε καρηκομόωντας Αχαιοὺς Πανσυδίῃ.

430.] Wagn., Forb., and Gossrau couple laetus in arma.' But laetus' is constantly used in Virg. of the spirit with which a person is bidden to obey a command, v. 130 above, 3. 169 &c. 'Para' most MSS., including Rom., fragm. Vat. and Gud., 'iube' Med. supported by a quotation by Serv. on 1. 35. Ribbeck adopts the latter, but it looks like a change to make the construction easier. 'Paro' is mostly used with inf. act.; we may comp. however a rare use of it with "ut" or "ne:" see Freund. Comp. also note on

As 1. 18.

427.] Adeo' here appears merely to give emphasis to 'haec' (comp. E. 4. 11 note) and connect it with what precedes'and this message,' &c. 'Iaceres,' of lying asleep, 3. 150. Placida' expresses here what is there expressed by "in somnis." Burm. mentions an ingenious conj. "iacerem." "Cum iaceres' connected with 'fari,' and so marking not the time when Juno gave the commission, but the time when the commission was to be exercised. elsewhere (see on 1. 355., 2. 296., 3. 151) there seems a confusion between a vision and a dream. In Hom. dreams in the form of living persons speak of themselves as sent by some god, in other words announce themselves as dreams, e. g. the 'Oveipos in II. 2. 26, Iphthime Od. 4. 829 : but here the supposed Calybe apparently wishes it to be thought that she has received a communication from Juno in her capacity as priestess.

428.] It is difficult to say whether 'palam' goes with 'fari' or with 'iussit.' The former would seem more natural, but there would be little force in the word. The latter would cohere with 'ipsa,' showing the clearness of the revelation, as 'manifestus' and evapy's are frequently used in a similar connexion; but in that case we should almost have expected some additional circumstance, such as would be supplied by the conj. 'iacerem.'

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429.] Moveri in arma,' to march out to war. "Movebit in arma viros" 6. 813. The concurrence of 'armari' and in arma' is one of the instances of want of finish in the later books of the poem. So

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433.] Dicto parere fatetur,' like 12. 568, "Ni frenum accipere et victi parere fatentur;" dicto parere' for obedience or submission being common in Virg., e. g. 1. 693., 3. 189 (comp. "dicto audire "). Heyne however understands dicto parere' "promisso stare," which is not impossible. With this sense of fateor,' implying consent on compulsion, comp. duoλoyeîr. So Prop. 5. 6. 79, "sero confessum foedere Parthum."

434.] Wagn., Forb., &c. strike out the comma after 'sentiat,' but 'sentiet' is used absolutely in a threat Ter. Adelph. 1.2. 59, "iste tuus ipse sentiet Posterius;" and we may comp. yváσei táxa Aesch.

Hic iuvenis, vatem inridens, sic orsa vicissim
Ore refert: Classis invectas Thybridis undam
Non, ut rere, meas effugit nuntius auris;
Ne tantos mihi finge metus. Nec regia Iuno
Inmemor est nostri ;

Sed te victa situ verique effeta senectus,
O mater, curis nequiquam exercet, et arma
Regum inter falsa vatem formidine ludit.
Cura tibi, divom effigies et templa tueri,
Bella viri pacemque gerent, quis bella gerenda.

Ag. 1649, τáx' etσetaι Choeph. 305, and note on the latter passage. In support of the other punctuation however might be quoted II. 18. 268 foll., ei d' ăμμe kiXhσETαι ἐνθάδ ̓ ἐόντας Αὔριον ὁρμηθεὶς σὺν τεύχεσιν, εὖ νύ τις αὐτὸν Γνώσεται, which certainly bears a strong resemblance to this line. Comp. also ib. 125, γνοῖεν δ ̓ ὡς δὴ δηρὸν ¿yw toλéμolo téπаvμαι, which will illustrate tandem,' as if Turnus had been too forbearing, though we are also meant to think of Latinus as finding at last an enemy in one from whom he had hitherto received kind offices.

435-444.] Turnus ridicules the admonition, and bids her confine herself to her temple-duties.'

435.] Orsa' passive, 10. 632, here used strangely for "verba quae orsus est." Val. Fl. 5. 470 has the same use, doubtless imitating Virg. Vatem: she is prophetess as well as priestess, and it is in her prophetic capacity that he ridicules her.

436.] Undam:' fragm. Vat., Med. &c., 'alveo Rom., supported by some other MSS. and a variant in Gud. Heins. restored the latter: but it seems to have been introduced from v. 303 above. Invectus' with acc. occurs 8. 714. Wagn. recalled 'undam,' and Ribbeck retains it. 'Unda' and 'undas' are also found.

437.] 'Nuntius' with an object clause 6. 456. It may here be news, not a mes senger: but see on 4. 237. Effugit' like "fugit" G. 2. 265. It is common in prose: see Freund. Se we talk of a thing escaping a person, whether he has not heard it, or has heard and forgotten it.

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435

440

your dotage.' 'Situs' seems to denote all
overgrowth or incrustation arising from
long neglect, especially that on untilled
fields (see on G. 1. 72); and here meta-
phorically the dulness which comes over the
senses in an inactive old age.
Ovid uses
the word absolutely for old age M. 7. 302,
'demptos Aesonis esse situs." 'Victa
situ' is not unlike "pulvere victa" G. 1.
180. 'Veri effeta' like "steriles veri"
Pers. 5. 75. So "veri vana" 10. 630.
Effetus' is applied to exhausted land G.
1. 81; and is perhaps a metaphor of the
same kind as situ.' But it may equally
well refer to the exhaustion of the body in
old age, Turnus telling her that she is
enfeebled in mind as in body, in opposition
to the common sentiment which contrasts
the failure of bodily powers in the old
with their increase in foresight.

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441, 442.] "Exercita curis" 5. 779. 'Arma regum inter' among visions of warring kings. The words are not to be interpreted, as Forb. thinks, by what follows, "ergo in rebus quae regibus curandae sunt, non tibi." Ludit vatem,' deceives you as a prophetess, mocks your power of foresight. With the position of inter' comp. G. 2. 345. 443.] Effigies divom" 3. 148. Comp. the word "aedituus."

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Talibus Allecto dictis exarsit in iras.
At iuveni oranti subitus tremor occupat artus;
Deriguere oculi: tot Erinys sibilat hydris,
Tantaque se facies aperit; tum flammea torquens
Lumina cunctantem et quaerentem dicere plura
Reppulit, et geminos erexit crinibus anguis,
Verberaque insonuit, rabidoque haec addidit ore :
En ego victa situ, quam veri effeta senectus
Arma inter regum falsa formidine ludit;

Respice ad haec: adsum dirarum ab sede sororum;
Bella manu letumque gero.

Sic effata facem iuveni coniecit, et atro
Lumine fumantis fixit sub pectore taedas.

Olli somnum ingens rumpit pavor, ossaque et artus

of a passage in Od. 21. 352, Tógov & ἄνδρεσσι μελήσει Πᾶσι, μάλιστα δ ̓ ἐμοί· τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἔστ' ἐνὶ οἴκῳ.

445-474.] Allecto, enraged, appears in her true form, and flings a torch at him. He wakes in frenzy and calls to arms. The Rutulians respond.'

446.] Oranti: comp. 10. 96, "Talibus orabat Iuno." This use of the word (nearly i. q. "loqui ") appears to be an archaism. See Plaut. Most. 3. 1. 152. The etymology is doubtless from "os," as Freund remarks. As usual, some MSS. have 'subito.' Heins. introduced subitos from a correction in Mentel. pr., but this would not be in Virg.'s manner. "Tremor occupat artus" 11. 424.

447.] For the orthography Erinys' see 2. 337 note. 'Deriguere 3. 260, 308. 'His eyeballs are stiffened in his head.' Comp. above v. 328.

448.] Allecto expands again into the gigantic stature of a Fury. Her size is dwelt on here, as in v. 329 her multiformity. Rom. has 'fumea,' which is possible, lumina' being understood of her torch, as in 6. 593.

449.] Cunctantem' should be taken closely with 'quaerentem,' and implies that Turnus was in the attitude to speak. Comp. 10. 717, "partis cunctatur (aper) in omnis," and the use of μéλλnois for intention as well as delay. This agrees with 'reppulit.' The substance of the line has occurred 4. 390.

450.] She raises two of the serpents on her head, as it were horns. Ribbeck supposes that she turns them into a scourge, comp. Ov. M. 4. 495. There however the

445

450

455

Fury is said expressly to pull off two serpents from her head: and we might perhaps argue from the lines in Ov. immediately preceding that 'verbera insonuit ' need only refer to the rapid motion of the snakes on Allecto's head.

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451.] Verbera,' i. e. "verbera flagelli," is a sort of cognate acc. to insonuit.' Comp. 5. 579, "insonuitque flagello." "Haec addidit ore" 2. 593.

454.] Haec,' the form and attributes of the Fury. An old poet in Cic. Tusc. 1. 16 has "Adsum atque advenio Acherunte" (inc. inc. fr. 78 Ribbeck). See on v. 324.

456.] Iuveni coniecit' for "in iuvenem" as in v. 346. The torch is of course as appropriate in the case of Turnus as the serpent in that of Amata.

457.] For 'atrolumine' comp.4.381 note, and for lumine fumantis' comp. v. 76. The torch, being preternatural, penetrates the breast without wounding, like the serpent. See on v. 349. In the imitation by Stat. Theb. 2. 94 foll., the spirit of Laius appears to Eteocles in the form of Tiresias, and ends by taking his true shape, exposing the death-wound in his throat, and sprinkling the sleeper with the blood, which however in the next line is called

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