Archippi regis missu, fortissimus Umbro, Ibat et Hippolyti proles pulcherrima bello, 752.] Pliny 3. 12. 17 mentions a story told by Gellianus of a town Archippa, founded by Marsyas, and swallowed up by the waters of lake Fucinus. 753.] Graviter spirantibus' seems to indicate both intolerable smell (see on G. 3. 415) and a poisonous breath (Hor. 2. 5. 8.95). 754.] Spargere somnos' like "quietem inrigat" 1. 692, where see note. This is done here partly by incantation, partly by manipulation. For the latter comp. Pliny 7. 2. Forb. quotes Sil. 3. 300 (of the Marmaridae), Ad quorum cantum serpens oblita veneni, Ad quorum tactum mites iacuere cerastae." Pliny (1. c.) and Sil. 8. 496 foll. speak of the whole Marsian race as serpent-charmers. 756.] From Il. 2. 859 foll., ảλλ' oỶк οἰωνοῖσιν ἐρύσσατο κῆρα μέλαιναν, ̓Αλλ' édáμn vnd xepol Tоdúкeos Alakidao, also imitated below 9. 328. Medicari' with acc. is found also in Plautus and Pliny: see Dictt. "Volnus cuspidis Ausoniae" 11. 41. 66 6 757.] Quae pervincere voces Evaluere sonum?" Hor. 2 Ep. 1. 201. Med. (1st reading), Rom., and originally one of Ribbeck's cursives, have in volnere,' which Gossrau prefers, denying that 'in volnera' can be satisfactorily explained. But it is merely arbitrary to say that the words quoted stand for "ad volnera infligenda," but cannot for "ad volnera sananda." 'Helped with a view to wounds' is the sense: what kind of help is given depends on the nature of the case. A correction in Med. gives ad volnera.' 758.] "Falcibus et messae ad Lunam quaeruntur aenis Pubentes herbae" 4. 513. Med. corrected and one of Ribbeck's cursives have in montibus,' which was the reading before Heins. Wagn. comp. Tibull. 1. 5. 53, herbasque sepulcris Quaerat." 755 760 759.] The "lucus Anguitiae" or "Angitiae was said to be so called from a daughter of Aeetes, sister or niece of Circe and sister of Medea, who taught the Marsians the use of drugs. Comp. the connexion of Circe with Italy v. 10 above. 6 761-782.] Virbius, son of Hippolytus, comes from Aricia to join the allies.' 761.] The story of Hippolytus' reappearance as Virbius is told twice by Ovid, M. 15. 497 foll., and more shortly F. 6. 737 foll. Serv., who repeats it, shows some impatience towards the end at the inconsistency of Hippolytus' celibate life with his being made the father of a son, "adeo omnia ista fabulosa sunt," and concludes "revera Virbius est numen coniunctum Dianae et matri deum Atys." It is doubtful whether bello is constructed as dat. with 'ibat' or as abl. with 'pulcherrima,' which would then mean glorious. Sil. 11. 363 has "pulcherrimus irae," ennobled by his wrath. 762.] Wagn. and Peerlkamp find a difficulty in father and son having the same name, the latter wishing to read 'viribus,' which Gossrau approves. But the custom of giving the son the name of his father was known among the Greeks (e.g. Demosthenes); and by making use of it here Virg. has escaped the awkwardness of either bringing Hippolytus himself into the field or giving him a son with an unknown name; indeed he may be said to have distinguished between the Greek Hippolytus and the Italian hero Virbius. For insignem' we might have expected "insignis," as in 9. 583 (a passage parallel in other respects), "Insignis facie, genitor quem miserat Arcens:" but there is force in the acc., whether we take the word with Wagn. of the splendour of his arms and accoutrements, provided by his mother Eductum Egeriae lucis humentia circum Litora, pinguis ubi et placabilis ara Dianae. Namque ferunt fama Hippolytum, postquam arte novercae Turbatis distractus equis, ad sidera rursus caeli venisse sub auras, Paeoniis revocatum herbis et amore Dianae. 766 Tum Pater omnipotens, aliquem indignatus ab umbris 770 Fulmine Phoebigenam Stygias detrusit ad undas. (comp. 9. 547, "vetitisque ad Troiam miserat armis”), or of his personal beauty, which would also be naturally associated with the mother. It seems better, on a comparison of the two passages just cited, to make Aricia an eponymous nymph, mother of Virbius, than Virbius' native place, in spite of "Populonia mater" 10. 172. See however on 9. 177, which is itself doubtful, though on the whole the balance there seems to incline the other way. a 763.] Eductum,' reared, like "educatum :' see on 6. 765. 'Egeriae grove near Aricia was sacred to Egeria, as well as one near Rome. Ov. M. 15. 497 makes Egeria fly to Aricia for grief at the death of Numa, and there to be gently rebuked by Hippolytus for disturbing the rites of Diana with her lamentations. See also Ov. F. 3. 261 foll. (Dict. M.'Aegeria'). Some however (as Forb.) make only one grove of Egeria, that here spoken of. For humentia Pal. and one of Ribbeck's cursives, supported by Gud. and a third cursive, have Hymetia,' which (in the form Hymettia') was the reading of many old edd., and even Heins. and Burm.: but Heyne rightly ascribes it to a confusion between humentia' and "Symaethia," the word in the parallel 9. 584. 'humentia litora' are those of the Lacus Nemorensis (Dict. G. 'Aricia '). The 764.] The temple of Diana at Aricia was well known, being served by "the priest who slew the slayer and shall himself be slain," a custom which Caligula revived. Much difficulty has been made about placabilis,' as Sil. 4. 367., 8. 362 calls the place "inmitis." Virg. however probably meant little more than pinguis,' the temple being a wealthy one (Dict. G. Aricia'), without reference to the nature of the rites by which the goddess was propitiated. Heyne and others suppose an implied contrast with other places like Tauri where human victims were offered to Diana. The applicability of 'placabilis' to an altar (which Heyne questioned, wishing to omit 'et') is shown by Gossrau, who comp. Ov. M. 15. 574, "Placat odoratis herbosas ignibus aras." 765.] For the story of Hippolytus' death see Euripides. Ferunt fama,' a mixture of "ferunt" and "fama est." 766.] Explerit poenas,' a mixture of explere iram" (comp. 2. 586) and "solvere poenas." Comp. 9. 356, "poenarum exhaustum satis est," though there the receivers of satisfaction are spoken of. The subj. is accounted for by the oratio obliqua. Patrias poenas,' the penalty due to his father, as patriae pietatis 9. 294 is dutifulness shown to a father. 6 66 767.] Turbatis equis,' 9. 124. 'Ad sidera aetheria venisse' like " magnum caeli ventura sub axem" 6. 790. For the restoration of Hippolytus to life by Aesculapius comp. Ov. M. 15. 533 foll., Id. F. 6. 746 foll. 769.] Paeoniis,' the Greek Пaιúvios, the adj. of Пalúv, the god of healing. It is doubtless to be pronounced by synizesis here and 12. 401. 'Herbis et amore Dianae' forms a sort of ev dià dvoîv, as it was Diana's love that set Aesculapius upon the work. 770.] "Quod Venus audaci Nymphae indignata licere” 12. 786. 771.] "Lumina vitae" 6. 828. At Trivia Hippolytum secretis alma recondit est. Ipse inter primos praestanti corpore Turnus a patronymic from "Paean." In undas,' 66 774.] "Sacrata sede recondam" 1. 681. 775.] In sola relegant pascua "G. 3. 212. The only other instance of the construction with dat. which seems to be quoted is from Cic. Tusc. 2. 8, "Non saeva terris gens relegata ultimis," from a translation of Hercules' speech in Soph. Trach. Thus Egeriae nemorique' are probably ἓν διὰ δυοῖν. At any rate we may say that Virg. would hardly have used Egeriae relegat' alone. 776.] So Venus proposes to remove Ascanius to Paphos or Cythera, and says "positis inglorius armis Exigat hic aevum" 10. 52. For the feeling comp. G. 2. 486., 4. 564, and the language of Atys in Catullus' poem. 66 777.]Verso,' changed, though Serv. tries to explain it " ex re facto, referring to the supposed etymology " vir bis.” Pal. originally had viribus, which might be quoted for Peerlkamp's conj. v. 762. 778.] Etiam might be taken in its ordinary sense: but it more probably = "adhuc" (see on 2. 292). Triviae templo' was an old reading: but it is not certain whether it rests on any authority. 779.] "Cornipedum equorum" 6. 591. For litore-marinis' comp. the description towards the end of Eur. Hipp. 780.] "Effunduntque ducem rapiuntque ad litora currus 10. 574. Currum et iuvenem effudere' is a zeugma. Monstris' with 'pavidi,' which "pavefacti." 775 780 785 781.] Haud setius,' in spite of his father's catastrophe. Some inferior MSS. have 'segnius,' which probably comes from a gloss of Serv., "non segnius patre." 782.] Exercete, viri, tauros" G. 1. 210. Comp. above v. 163. 'In bella ruebant" 9. 182. 66 783-802.] Turnus himself, in complete armour, commands the Rutulians.' 783.] Ipse inter primos,' 2. 479. 'Praestanti corpore,' G. 4. 538. 784.] Vertitur' seems to be used on the analogy of "versatur," σтpépetal, being preferred by Virg. as less common and as therefore bringing out the original metaphor more sharply. "Celeriter se movet et vegeto animo et corpore "Gossrau. Comp. the use of "avertitur" G. 3. 499, where "aversatur" would have been more usual. "Arma tenens " 8. 299. Toto vertice supra est' seems to be from the description of Ajax II. 3. 227, ěĝoxos ̓Αργείων κεφαλήν τε καὶ εὐρέας ὤμους. 785.] For the triple plume Lersch § 32 comp. Polyb. 6. 23. 12, of the Roman “ hastati,” ἐπὶ δὲ πᾶσι τούτοις προσεπικοσμοῦνται πτερίνῳ στεφάνῳ καὶ πτεροῖς φοινικίοις ἢ μέλασιν ὀρθοῖς τρισίν, ὡς πηχυαίοις τὸ μέγεθος, ὧν προστεθέντων κατὰ κορυφὴν ἅμα τοῖς ἄλλοις ὅπλοις ὁ μὲν ἀνὴρ φαίνεται διπλάσιος ἑαυτοῦ κατὰ τὸ μέγεθος, ἡ δ ̓ ὄψις καλὴ καὶ καταπληκτικὴ Tois évavríois. Crinita' is used almost like a participle with 'iuba:' comp. 12. 413, "foliis et flore comantem." "Gorgonis os pulcherrimum, crinitum anguibus" Cic. 2 Verr. 4. 56. Stat. actually uses a verb "crinio:" see quotation on v. 751. 786.] Sustinet,' doubtless on the top of the helmet, 'galea alta.' 66 In the colossal statue of Minerva in the Parthenon at Athens she bore a sphinx on the top of Tam magis illa fremens et tristibus effera flammis, her helmet and a griffin on each side, Paus. 1. 24. 5" (Dict. A. Galea'). Aetnaeos,' like those of Aetna. "Horriferos eructans faucibus aestus" Lucr. 3. 1012. Virg. thought of Il. 6. 182, deшdv àñoπνείουσα πυρὸς μένος αιθομένοιο. 787.] 'Illa' is an anacoluthon, belonging really to Chimaeram' (comp. 10. 497 foll.): or we may say that Virg. for variety's sake chooses to identify the helmet and the cognizance. A third way would be with Wagn. to regard the part. as standing for the finite verb, as G. 2. 133, "folia haud ullis labentia ventis:" but this would destroy the idiomatic use of "ille" in apposition, so common in Virg. (1. 3., 5. 457 &c.). Tam magis-quam magis' is noted by Quinct. 9. 3 as an archaism. Gossrau comp. Plaut. Poen. 1. 2. 135, "Quam magis aspecto, tam magis est nimbata, et nugae merae." 788.] Crudescunt' 11. 833, G. 3. 504 note. Virg. has turned the imagery of such passages as Il. 5. 4., 18. 225 foll. into an artistic representation. He can hardly mean more here than that the figure of Chimaera appears more dreadful the more Turnus himself inspires terror. Comp. 9. 731 foll., where the 'pathetic fallacy,' as Mr. Ruskin would call it, is the same. · 789.] Sublatis cornibus' gives the picture: she was represented as completely transformed, iam saetis obsita, iam bos.' Io was chosen on account of Turnus' connexion with Argos, as if he was the representative of Greece in Italy. 790.] Auro insignibat: the figure seems to have been an "emblema," gold attached to some other metal. "Clipei insigne decorum" 2. 392. 'Iam' &c. Virg. has translated Mosch. 2. 44, as Cerda remarks, Ἐν μὲν ἔην χρυσοῖο τετυγμένη Ιναχὶς Ἰὼ Εἰσέτι πόρτις ἐοῦσα, puny d'oùк eÎxe yuvaínv. Iam,' already the transformation was complete. Comp. 12. 179,"Saturnia coniunx, Iam melior, : 790 795 iam, diva, precor," changed at last to kindness. 791.] ́Argumentum' in the sense of the subject of a composition is as old as Plautus, "Post argumentum huius eloquar tragoediae," Amph. Prol. 51. It is frequently used as here in relation to works of art, e. g. "Ex ebore diligentissime perfecta erant argumenta in valvis," Cic. 2 Verr. 2. 4. 56, where a Gorgon's head (see note on v. 785 above) is instanced, as having been removed from the doors by Verres. It seems in fact to have been a technical term for historical and legendary subjects in art. Prop. 4. 9. 13, speaking of the different provinces of different artists, says "Argumenta magis sunt Mentoris addita formae, At Myos exiguum flectit acanthus iter" (this and the last quoted passage from Cerda's note), where Paley understands the word of groups as opposed to single figures. 792.] The representation of Inachus as a river-god has nothing to do with any event in the story, but is simply introduced that he may be identified in the work of art. See notes on 8. 652, 653, 654. 'Caelata: Inachus is part of the "emblema." Representations of river-gods reclining with water streaming out of pitchers at their sides are common enough. 793.] A translation of I1. 4. 274, vépos elTero Tε(ŵv, where the simile which follows shows that the cloud meant is a storm-cloud, 'nimbus.' 'Clipeatus' is used in prose and verse both: see Dictt. Pacuv. Herm. fr. 21 has the verb "clipeo." For 794.] Enn. A. 8. fr. 13 has " densantur campis horrentia tela virorum." densentur' or 'densantur' see on G. 1. 248. Argivaque pubes,' probably the inhabitants of Ardea, "Acrisonei coloni," v. 410. 795.] 'Auruncae manus,' Auruncans on the nearer side of the Liris, as distinguished from those on the further side, above v. 727. 'Rutuli' followed by Et Sacranae acies et picti scuta Labici; 'Rutulos' v. 798 is a little awkward, so that Heyne wished to read 'Siculi ' here, from a quotation (erroneous, as he admits) by Serv. on 1. 2. Veteresque Sicani :' gentes venere Sicanae" 8. 328 note: see also 11. 317 foll. 'Veteres' points to their early settlement in Italy, 8. 1. c. 796.] The Sacrani, like the Sicani, are a mythical people (Dict. G. s. v.). One etymological fancy made them a colony of Corybantes, another emigrants in consequence of a ver sacrum. 'Labici' for "Labicani," the name of the place being Labicum (Lavicum) or Labici (Dict. G.). It was one of the cities of the Latin league, and seems to have fallen into decay after the Punic wars. One of the roads out of Rome was called Via Labicana. "Pictis armis" of the Arcadians 8. 588., 12. 281, of the Amazons 11. 660. For the thing see on 8. 1. c. 797.] Wagn. thinks this and the five following lines specify not new tribes, but the localities inhabited by those already mentioned. This is possible: but Virg. elsewhere in this catalogue mixes up the two modes of designation (e. g. vv. 710 foll.), so that it would hardly be safe to assume that he intends any distinction here. For the words about the Tiber comp. v. 29 above, 8. 92 foll.: for Numicus vv. 150, 242 above. 798.] "Vomere duros exercent collis " 11. 318, also of the Rutulians. 799.] 'Circaeum iugum' above v. 10. The 'iugum' is the Circeian promontory (Dict. G. Mons Circeius '). The temple of Jupiter at Anxur is mentioned by Livy: see Dict. G. 'Tarracina.' Anxur or Axur seems to have been a local god identified with Jupiter, as, according to Serv., Feronia was with Juno, and hence Virg. combines the names, making Anxurus' a title of Jupiter. Serv. has an etymological figment explaining the word as avev čupas, the god being represented on coins as a youth. Pal. and originally Gud. have 'Anxuris.' The people are called Anxurates by Livy. The construction is irre 66 800 gular (see on v. 727), the meaning being qui habitant arva . . qui habitant qua iacet.” 800.] "Geticis qui praesidet arvis" 3. 35. Here the reference seems to be to the position of the temple on a height. For the different views taken of the goddess Feronia see Dict. M. s. v. She appears again 8. 564 as the mother of a king Erulus. More than one grove was called by her name: that meant here was three miles from Tarracina (Hor. 1 S. 5. 24 foll.), on the border of the Pontine marshes (Dict. G. s. v.). 801.] Saturae palus' is only known from this place and Sil. 8. 380, who imitates and tries to improve on Virg.: "Qua Saturae nebulosa palus restagnat, et atro Liventis caeno per squalida turbidus arva Cogit aquas Ufens, atque inficit aequora limo." It was probably, as is remarked Dict. G. Pomptinae Paludes,' some part of the Pontine marshes. The marshes are formed chiefly by the stagnation of the waters of the Ufens and Amasenus (ib.). Serv. says others read Asturae,' the name of an island and river near Circeii: but the elision would be unheard of, and even if we should adopt the other form of the word, 'Sturae,' there is no reason to suppose that there was any marsh of the name. 802.] Quaerit,' as if unable to find a way through the marshes. Nec reperire viam atque evolvere posset In mare se Xanthus" 5.807. The present channel of the river is artificial. |