Adsis o tantum et propius tua numina firmes. Ecce autem subitum atque oculis mirabile monstrum 66 for 'Hesperidum regnator aquarum' comp. G. 1. 482 Fluviorum rex Eridanus." The Eridanus deserves the epithet more for its physical, the Tiber for its historical greatness. Here again Virg. seems to have followed Ennius (A. 1. fr. 48), Postquam consistit fluvius qui est omnibu' princeps," quoted by Fronto Epist. de Orat. p. 129 Niebuhr in connexion with a saying of M. Aurelius, Tiber amnis et dominus et fluentium circa regnator undarum." Germ. comp. Dionys. Perieg. 351, vμßpis küppeíтns TоTаμ Baσiλeúтatos ǎλλæv. Fluvius' may be nom. for voc.; but it is at least as probable that the line is to be taken closely with 'celebrabere,' the Tiber being celebrated as the king of rivers. 78.] Propius,' i. q. "praesentius," as in 1. 526: 'adsis' contains the same idea of the interposition or manifestation of the god by physical presence. Comp. 10. 254. Numina,' revelation: comp. 4. 123. The confirmation is given just below vv. 81 foll. The parallel use of " numen" and " omen has been mentioned on 7. 119. "Omina firma" occurs 2. 691, and Sil. 4. 127 comp. by Cerda has "Adsis o firmesque tuae, pater, alitis omen," doubtless imitating the present line. Meller ap. Cerdam conj. omina' here. In another view we may comp. "Di numine firment" 12. 188. Tandem' for 'tantum' was read before Heins., and is found in some inferior MSS. 6 80 85 point after 'monstrum,' which may either be independent or in apposition to sus.' 82, 83.] The words are equivalent to "candida sus in littore procumbens per silvam conspicitur." Concolor' is superfluous, but serves to impress the notion of the prodigy. Serv. comments on the termination of v. 83, "Horatius: et amica luto sus (1 Ep. 2. 26). Sciendum tamen hoc esse vitiosum, monosyllabo finiri versum, nisi forte ipso monosyllabo minora explicentur animalia. Ut (Hor. A. P. 139) Parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Gratiosiores enim versus isti sunt secundum Lucilium.” Comp. the passage from Quinctilian quoted on G. 1. 181. 84.] Enim' here merely gives emphasis to 'tibi,' ooì dh. This appears to have been its original force: comp. the passages of Plautus quoted by Freund, and Livy 22. 25, "Cum laeta civitate dictator unus nihil nec famae nec literis crederet, tum M. Metilius tribunus plebis id enim ferendum esse negat," a passage which may suggest that here as there we have a sort of quotation of the words actually spoken. So in G. 2. 509 it appears to strengthen "geminatus," though its force there is by no means so clear. Wagn. quotes an obvious imitation from Sil. 13, 136, "Mactat, diva, tibi, tibi enim haec gratissima sacra." 85.] Mactat, sacra ferens' is equivalent to "sacrificat." "Mactat et sistit ad aram is an obvious inversion; but the important words in the last clause are cum grege.' 'Sistit ad aranı ' is the correlative of "stabit ad aram "G. 2. 395 note. 86.] Ea nocte, quam longa est, leniit' obviously differs from any mere case of an historic present, and even from cases where an historic present and a perfect are joined by a conjunction as in 7. 169 &c. It is probably to be regarded simply Leniit, et tacita refluens ita substitit unda, 88.] Placidae paludis' is a mere repetition of 'mitis stagni:' and 'placidae' and 'mitis' are a part of the same metaphor with 'leniit.' 89.] "Sternitur aequor aquis" 5. 821 note. The second 'ut' is not co-ordinate with the first, but dependent on it. Luctamen,' struggle, though in connexion with 'abesset' it acquires the notion of cause of struggle or impediment. "In lento luctantur marmore tonsae" 7. 28. 90.] Rumore secundo' is rightly taken by Cerda to mean the cheering of the crews. Comp. 10. 266, fugiuntque (grues) notos clamore secundo," 5. 338 'plausuque volat fremituque secundo," and a fragment from an old tragedy (inc. inc. fr. 46 Ribbeck), "Solvere imperat secundo rumore adversaque avi." "Secundo rumore," "adverso rumore are phrases used to signify general approbation and the contrary. See the commentators on Hor. 1 Ep. 10. 9. Heyne, fancying with Donatus that 'rumor meant the noise of the waters, connected 'rumore secundo' with what follows. An absurd reading 'Rumone' (the old name of the Tiber) is mentioned by Serv. with approbation, and has found its way into some MSS. and even into Med. a m. p.: 90 95 but even if Virg. were likely to have introduced the name, 'secundo' would contradict v. 58. Rom. and others, including quotations in Non. and Macrob., have peragunt' for 'celerant,' from 6. 384, and Pierius' Medicean has 'celebrant see on 4. 641., 5. 609. Canon. gives 'celebrant clamore.' 91.] From Eun. A. 14. fr. 2: "Labitur uncta carina, volat super impetus undas:" Macrob. Sat. 6. 1. 92.] The repetition of mirantur' serves instead of a repetition of 'et' see on E. 4. 6. Nemus insuetum' like "ignaros montis" E. 6. 40. 93.] The shields appear to have been hung along the after part of the galley: comp. 1. 183, "celsis in puppibus arma Caici." For 'pictas carinas' see on 5. 663. Heyne put a comma after 'virum;' but the harsh collocation of 'que' with the second word in the clause is unknown to Virg. 94.] Remigio noctemque diemque fatigant, give neither day nor night any respite: in prose, spend day and night in incessant rowing. Prop. 5. 11. 81, "Sat tibi sint noctes quas de me, Paulle, fatiges." Heyne comp. also 10. 807, "diem exercere." "Conplexi inter se noctemque diemque morantur" 5. 766. 95.] Superant :' see on v. 58. Variis teguntur arboribus,' pass under the shade of various trees. Wagn. finds the clause otiose: but we may well fancy the attention of the Trojans attracted by the variety of the trees. In the next clause pictorial effect pleads strongly for Serv.'s interpretation, referring the words to sailing through the reflection of the trees on the water, though the thought may be too modern for Virg. Even if we take the clause as a mere repetition of the preceding, we may still suppose that Virg. intended us to think of the reflection, by the juxtaposition of the words ' 'viridis ' and placido.' The whole passage is emi Arboribus, viridisque secant placido aequore silvas. Forte die sollemnem illo rex Arcas honorem nently characteristic of Virg., both in its graceful feeling and in its abstinent brevity. He is paying a tribute, we may remember, to the beauty of the river of Rome. 66 97.] Huos d'éλios μéσov ovpavdv àμpiβεβήκει Ι1. 8. 68 &c. Medium sol igneus orbem Hauserat" G. 4. 426 note. With this and the next line comp. generally 3. 521 foll. 98.] The visit to Evander is well contrived to bring Aeneas to the site of Rome. “Raris habitata mapalia tectis" G. 3. 340. 'Domorum tecta,' 12. 132. The passage is imitated by Ov. F. 5. 93, "Hic, ubi nunc Roma est, orbis caput, arbor et herbae Et paucae pecudes et casa rara fuit." 100.] Tum,' which serves as a conjunction, couples clauses not strictly parallel. See on G. 2. 208. 'Res inopes' following 'quae' may also remind us of "has . . . stridentia limnina" 7. 611. foll. With 'res inopes' contrast "maxuma rerum Roma " 7. 602, if the gen. there is partitive. Euandrus' is the form given in all Ribbeck's MSS. Euander,' the form before Heins., is supported by no good MS. here or elsewhere, except in 10. 515. 101.] Advertunt proras' 7. 35. 100 105 Homeric detail, groups of nine sacrificing nine bulls each, tasting the entrails, and burning the thighs, with Virg.'s more general language. 103.] The structure of the line is nearly the same as 3. 19, "Sacra Dionaeae matri divisque ferebam Auspicibus coeptorum operum," where see note. We may observe that the name Hercules' is unmanageable in a Latin hexameter except in the gen. and abl., and that Virg. in consequence has to resort to a variety of expedients for expressing it. 104.] "Ante urbem in luco" 3. 302. Cerda shows that it was customary in Greece to sacrifice to Hercules without the walls, comp. Dem. Fals. Leg. p. 368, where Aeschines is reproached for having induced the Athenians to break the rule by sacrificing within the walls when they had not war as an excuse, and Plutarch Quaest. Rom. 28, who inquires why youths wishing to swear by Hercules went into the open air. The remark, he tells us, was first made by Scaliger Poet. 3. 26, referring to the present passage. ‘Una' with dat. like "similis," "pariter." 105.] 'Senatus' (senes) opp. to 'iuvenum,' as Serv. remarks. 'Iuvenum primi,' 9. 785. 106.] Serv. says that 'tura dabant' is from a regular sacrificial phrase, “Da, quod debes, de manu dextra aris:" but the sacrificial use of "dare" hardly requires illustration. Dabimusque divis Tura benignis " Hor. 4 Od. 2. 51. Tepidus cruor,' 6. 248. 66 107.] Videre' is construed in the first clause with acc., in the second with inf. In English we should vary the word; when they espied the ships and saw them approach' &c. Not unlike is the coupling of a part. with an inf., as in 7. 421, 422. Adlabi nemus, et tacitis incumbere remis, Et procul e tumulo: Iuvenes, quae caussa subegit Qui genus? unde domo? pacemne huc fertis, an arma? senex.' 111.] Ipse' in person. 110 115 Some unseasonable lover of old Latin to a proverb, "Salva res est, saltat might suggest that 'celsas' has its participial force here, comparing κéλλw, “celer," "celox:" but the thought is of course only worth mentioning as a coincidence, and perhaps as a warning against similar speculations. To understand atque-et' as 'que-que' would be unlike Virg. 108.] Tacitos' is the reading of Rom., Med., Pal., and most of Ribbeck's MSS.; it is also found in Canon. Gud., and another of Ribbeck's cursives, both a m. s., have tacitis,' and so Serv., whose comment is "tacitis incumbere remis' pro ipsi taciti, i. e. sine celeusmate." The editors generally have supposed tacitos' to be an interpretation, and this on the whole seems most probable. If it were admitted, it would simplify the construction in v. 107, as 'adlabi' as well as 'incumbere' might be referred to the crews. But the complexity of the sentence, incumbere being said of the ships when really it refers to the rowers, is itself Virgilian. Whichever reading we adopt, the silence seems to mean not what Serv. supposes, but the absence of an intimation from the Trojans who they were, which would itself alarm the Arcadians: probably too we are meant to think of the calm of the river. Strictly of course the oars cannot have been noiseless. "Incumbere remis" 5. 15. 110.]Mensis,' the sacrificial banquet. Comp. 7. 176. 'Audax' refers to his readiness to meet the possible danger. 'Rumpere sacra:' the interruption of a sacrifice or religious celebration was thought ill-omened by the Romans: comp. 3. 407. Serv. tells a story that the games of the Circus were once interrupted by an alarm that Hannibal was at the gates, and that on returning to the Circus the people found an old man who had been dancing without intermission, which gave occasion 112. He had apparently climbed a mound for the purpose of observation. Iuvenes' applies to all of a military age, all warriors. So the Anglo-Saxon knight and child and the German held mean a youth. 113.] Ignotas temptare vias' merely expresses that he perceives them to be strangers. 114.] τίς πόθεν εἷς ἀνδρῶν; πόθι τοι TóλIS ǹdè TOKĥES; Od. 1. 170. Qui genus' is variously corrupted by the inferior MSS. into 'quod'or ‘quid genus,' 'quo genere.' The construction is perhaps from the Greek, e. g. Od. 15. 267, '10ákns yévos eiμí. Comp. 5. 285, "Cressa genus Pholoe." Unde domo' is a phrase, as in Hor. 1 Ep. 7. 52, "quaere et refer, unde domo, quis, Cuius fortunae." So Plaut. Cist. 4. 2. 6, "haec cistella numquam hinc a nobis domo est," comp. by Forb., from which we see that the abl. means in respect of domicile.' For 'domus' of place of extraction comp. 10. 141, "Maeonia generose domo," ib. 183, “Qui Caerete domo." 115.] Puppi ab alta,' 5. 12. Aeneas stands there, as Heyne remarks, because they had reached the land and as usual (6. 3) turned the prow to the sea, the stern to the land. 116.] Praetenditque' instead of "praetendens." 'Pacifer' is quoted from no author before Virg., but is frequently found in inscriptions as an epithet of the gods: see Freund. Here it reminds us of 'pacem fertis' v. 114. For the olive branch see on 7. 154. 117.] Comp. v. 55. Troiugenas' 3. 359. He reassures Pallas about the import of the weapons, as the Sibyl reassures Charon 6. 400. Quos illi bello profugos egere superbo. 96 118.] Quos' refers of course to 'Troiugenas, illi' to 'Latinis,' though Virg. has expressed himself rather ambiguously. Aeneas speaks as if the Latins had consummated their intention of expelling the Trojans. Superbus' and 'superbia' are used much in the sense of ὕβρις, for outrage and tyranny, as well as pride; e.g. Tarquinius Superbus for Tarquin the tyrant. So it is used of the tyranny of Mezentius v. 481, of that of Metabus 11. 539. The Latins had violated both the treaty and the rights of suppliants. 119.] Ferte,' i. q. "nuntiate." canio ferat haec " 1. 645. · "As 120.] Some MSS. (including one of Ribbeck's cursives) have 'viros,' apparently because it was thought that 'lectos' was superfluous with 'duces:' but the chiefs had not all come. Possibly there may be a connexion in usage between "legere " and "legare," as between "dicere' and "dicare." Wagn. thinks thatviros' may have arisen from 7. 168. With 'rogantis,' the pres. part., comp. 1. 519., 2. 114. "Socia arma " 11. 161. 121.] 'Nomine' sc. "Dardaniae." 'Perculsus Rom., 'percussus' Med., Pal., Gud. See on 1. 513. 122.] Etgredere' or 'etgradere' is the reading of Pal. (originally), Med., and Rom., which seems to point to the form ecgredere,' restored by Ribbeck. With quicumque es' comp. the quasi-vocative 66 quaecumque 1. 330. Pallas had not heard Aeneas' name, as Serv. and Donatus observe, though he had been informed of his nation. Some MSS. mentioned by Pierius have 'parente,' a natural error. 123.] "Tectis succedite nostris" 1. 627. For ac' the first reading of Med. has 'et.' 120 125 130 124.] Excepit' not of physically catching by the hand, but in its transferred sense of welcoming, like "gaza excipit" 5. 40 &c. It is a translation of xepoív T' homάCovтo Od. 3. 35. The reading before Heins. was 'accepit.' 'Inhaesit :' v ' ǎpa οἱ φῦ χειρί Il. 6. 406. 125.] For subeunt' with dat. see on 7. 161. 'Luco,' when the sacrifice was going on, v. 104. 126-151.] 'Aeneas explains to Evander that though they are Trojans and the Arcadians Greeks, both are sprung from a common stock and threatened by a common enemy, and asks for an alliance.' 126.] "Dictisque ita fatur amicis" 2. 147. 127.] Optume Graiugenum.' Serv. has a curious note: "Quantum ad Aenean pertinet, Graeci neque boni neque meliores sunt. Ergo optume Graiugenum' superlativus est pro positivo: nam optumus malorum non possumus dicere: superlativus enim suo tantum iungitur generi. Sic ergo dixit ut Homerus (II. 11. 832) δικαιότατος κενταύρων pro δίκαιος.” “Precari' with dat., like "supplicare," in the sense of becoming a suppliant to a person. Elsewhere the dat. is used of the person for whom good or bad is imprecated. CO 128.] 'Comptos,' in the sense of " matos," for "coronatos:" comp. 7. 751, "Fronde super galeam et felici comptus oliva," Culex 217, "Tisiphone serpentibus undique compta." For the thing see on 7. 154. 129.] 'Extimui' is constructed with 'quod-Atridis' as its object clause. 130.] A stirpe' Pal., Rom., Gud., 'ab stirpe' Med. It seems simply a question of external authority, so I have followed |