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a Traveller (1854). This writer was a younger brother of the Scottish historian already named. Born 1780; died 1868.

DAVID LIVINGSTONE, born about 1817, at Blantyre in Lanarkshire, travelled much in Africa as a missionary. His work, Missionary Travels in South Africa, a valuable repertory of facts concerning that region, was published in 1857. The basin of the Zambezi was the chief scene of his explorings, and his chief discoveries were the Victoria Falls and Lake Nyassa. In 1864 he published an account of his second expedition. He returned to Africa in 1866, and died there in 1873.

Journals were published after his death.

His Last

AUSTEN HENRY LAYARD, born in 1817 in Paris, was distinguished as the author of two works, Nineveh and its Remains (1848); and Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon (1853), describing his successful excavations, especially at the former place. Sculptured bulls and lions, with wings and human heads, stand, amid many other similar works of ancient art, in the hall of the British Museum, as trophies of Mr. Layard's toil. For a time he took a prominent part in politics as member for Aylesbury, and under-Secretary for Foreign Affairs. He died

in 1894.

RICHARD FORD (1796-1858) wrote Murray's Hand-Book for Spain, and also a work entitled Gatherings from Spain (1846), which together form the best authority we have on the modern condition of that romantic land.

GEORGE BORROW, born near Norwich in 1803, when travelling in Spain as the agent of the Bible Society, gathered materials for a work descriptive of his personal adventures which he called The Bible in Spain (1844). Few books possess more vivid interest. His other works are Zincali, or the Gipsies in Spain, published before his chief book; Lavengro, or the Scholar, the Gipsy, and the Priest; and a sequel to this, called The Romany Rye. He died in 1881.

ALEXANDER WILLIAM KINGLAKE, born in 1809, at Taunton, having passed through Trinity College, Cambridge, studied law at Lincoln's Inn. His book, Eöthen, descriptive of his travels in

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the East, which was published in 1850, is remarkable for its thought and eloquence. Mr. Kinglake also wrote a History of the Crimean War, courageous and brilliant, but in the later volumes too minute in detail. He died in 1891.

SIR JAMES EMERSON TENNENT, born in 1804 at Belfast, was a merchant's son. Elected member for his native town in 1832, he devoted himself to political life, making literature his recreation. His books on Modern Greece, Belgium, and Wine are well known; but his great work is Ceylon, for which he collected materials during his five years' residence in the island as Secretary to the Colonial Government. He was one of the joint Secretaries to the Board of Trade from 1852 till his death, in 1869.

JOHN HANNING SPEKE, a captain in the Indian army, explored (1857-62) the basin of the Upper Nile, having started from Zanzibar. He fixed the true position of the Mountains of the Moon, and in 1858 discovered the vast lake Victoria Nyanza. A brother officer named Grant accompanied him on his travels, and aided him in the preparation of his Journal. Speke was killed near Box in Wiltshire, in 1864, by the accidental discharge of his own gun. He was then only thirty-seven years of age.

SIR SAMUEL WHITE BAKER, born in 1821 in Worcestershire, undertook the exploration of the Nile by ascending its current. His brave wife accompanied him. In 1864 he discovered a very large lake, to which he gave the name Albert Nyanza. Baker tells the story of his explorations with more elegance than either Speke or Livingstone. He died in 1893.

Supplementary List.

To the list of travellers in Spain, headed by Ford and Borrow, the name of HENRY DAVID INGLIS (1795-1835), son of a Scottish advocate, who wrote under the name of Derwent Conway, deserves to be added. Mr. Inglis also published travels in Northern Europe, France, and Ireland.

Sir JOHN BOWRING (born in 1792, died 1872), otherwise famous as a translator, wrote an account of Siam. ELIOT WARBURTON (1810–1852), an English barrister who was burned in the Amazon, has left, besides some novels and memoirs, an eloquent book of Eastern travel, The Crescent and the Cross (1846). China has been "done" and described by JOHN FRANCIS DAVIS, Chief Superin

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tendent there, and WINGROVE COOKE, Special Correspondent of the Times; and Japan by LAURENCE OLIPHANT, Secretary to Lord Elgin. The Rev. JOSIAS PORTER, Professor of Biblical Criticism in Belfast, was the author of Five Years in Damascus, and Murray's Hand-book for Palestine and Syria. Captain SHERARD Osborn (1822-1875), author of Stray Leaves from an Arctic Journal, also wrote A Cruise in Japanese Waters.

Arctic travel and discovery, during this period of English literature, are represented by many eminent names, among which those of Dr. RAE, Sir ROBERT M'CLURE, discoverer of the North-West Passage, and Sir LEOPOLD M'CLINTOCK, Commander of the Fox, are prominent. Sir FRANCIS HEAD (1793-1875), for some time Governor of Upper Canada, wrote a popular work upon the Pampas and the Andes (1826); and a Yorkshire Squire, CHARLES WATERTON (1782-1865), depicted his wonderful adventures and toils in Wanderings in South America, the North-West of the United States, and the Antilles. To these may be added Nansen's Farthest North (1897), a record of a voyage in search of the North Pole.

Murray's Hand-books, some of which have been already named, form in themselves a most valuable geographical library. They are not the work of mere compilers, but, in nearly every case, of men who can describe clearly and gracefully what they have seen and heard in the land of which they write.

Colonel JAMES A. GRANT (1827-1892), the companion of Speke, is the author of A Walk Across Africa, and of The Botany of the Speke and Grant Expedition. Mr. HENRY M. STANLEY (born 1840), who went to Africa in search of Livingstone in 1871, wrote an account of his travels under the title of How I Found Livingstone. Mr. Stanley has also published an account of his exploration of the Victoria Nyanza and the Congo River. Commander V. L. CAMERON, who headed another Livingstone search expedition in 1872, succeeded only in ascertaining the fact of the great traveller's death and in rescuing his papers. Cameron then plunged into the heart of Africa and emerged on the west coast. His adventurous travels are recorded in his work Across Africa.

An interesting and valuable account of the Challenger deep-sea exploring expedition was published by Sir C. WYVILLE THOMSON (1830-1882), the head of its scientific staff. The daring exploits of Captain FREDERICK BURNABY (1842-1885) in Western Asia are graphically described in his Ride to Khiva, and On Horseback through Asia Minor. One of the most interesting of recent books of travel is the late Lady BRASSEY'S account of her voyage round the world, entitled A Voyage in the Sunbeam.

SUPPLEMENT,

ENGLISH LITERATURE IN AMERICA.

CHAPTER I.

THE COLONIAL PERIOD.

THE literature of the United States is a branch, but an inseparable and growing branch, of English literature. Its roots are planted, not in the soil of America, but in the soil of England. It is a continuation and development in America (with some original features, no doubt, and subject to new impulses) of a literature which had existed in England for centuries before that offshoot appeared. In short, the literature of the United States is English literature produced in America by American writers.

The relation resembles somewhat that of Roman literature to the literature of Ancient Greece, with this great difference, however, that in the modern instance the branch and the stem use the same language. The literature of America started with this undoubted advantage, that the instrument of thought -the mother tongue-was in perfect form for the purpose of literary expression before the writers beyond the Atlantic began to use it. They also enjoyed another advantage-namely, that they were entitled to regard themselves as heirs to the old stores of English literature, from Caedmon to Chaucer, and from Chaucer to Milton. The best American writers belonged to schools the acknowledged masters of which lived and wrote (15)

34

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in England. The greatest merit of American writers is that some of them have added to these stores some things which Englishmen would not willingly let die.

The history of English literature in the United States falls naturally into two periods :

1. The Colonial Period, from the landing of the Pilgrim Fathers, 1620, to the Declaration of Independence, 1776-one hundred and fifty-six years.

2. The National Period, from the Declaration of Independence to the present time, 1776 to 1893-one hundred and seventeen years.

The bridge between the two periods in history was of course the War of Independence, and there is a corresponding bridge in the literature; but that was simply the closing act of the Colonial era, and has no right to be treated as a distinct period. The National Period is, as might be expected, much more interesting from a literary point of view than the Colonial. Indeed, nearly everything that is entitled to be called literature belongs to it. Much good work, however, of a preliminary kind was done in the earlier period; and of it, therefore, some notice must be taken.

The Colonial Period extended over rather more than a century and a half. A century and a half is not a long time in the lifetime of a nation. Whether the amount of growth, especially of intellectual growth, accomplished in that time is great or small must depend on a variety of causes. One important consideration is, whether the period occurs early or occurs late in the nation's history. For example, the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, to which the period in question belongs, formed an advanced section in the march of English thought and letters, and their literary products, though not the richest, were yet both rich and abundant. To mention only the greatest names, there flourished in that time Milton, Bunyan, Dryden, Swift, Addison, Pope, Hume, Gibbon, and Burke.

It would, of course, have been unreasonable to expect anything even remotely comparable with this wealth of production