208 Edipus Judaicus-Early Rising. gardens, useful manufactories, an hos pital, and an auxiliary missionary fund among Hottentots! Who now will doubt, whether the gospel ought to be preached to uncivilized nations? And if, after reading the above testimonies, for the accuracy of which I refer to the Memoirs of Dr. Vanderkemp, and the different reports of the London Missionary Societies, not to mention General Dundas, General Jansens, Lord Caledon, and Sir John Cradock, who, more or less, patronized this missionary station: if such testimonies do not confound the opinions, blunt the ridicule, and subdue the prejudice of your correspondent, I must leave him to the enjoyment of all his prepossessions, and to the correctness of his information. Perhaps J. R. can bring proofs-which I demand, instead of assertions-who are the persons that are employed in converting the natives of India, vi et armis; and also, that there are no missionaries in the islands of the Southern Pacific; and that the supposed conversion of King Pomarre to Christianity is all fabrication. A writer so well acquainted with India, missions, &c. &c. can assuredly confront the testimonies of Dr. Buchanan, Mr. Burder, and others, on these subjects! What a pity that he did not coinmunicate his information, his arguments, his ridicule before! Surely the Missionary Societies and their supporters would have been cut up, root and branch, long before this! I am, &c. VINDEX. Wallingford, Aug. 18, 1814. ¡Oct. 1, through an extensive circle," and my assertion is couched in milder terms than the circumstance would warrant; many to whom the book was sent were not flattered by the distinction, and in one exalted quarter it was rejected with the infamy it deserved. To the library of a young lady of the highest expectation in this kingdom it was surreptitiously introduced, well knowing that it could not receive the sanction of the persons in charge of her instruction; the illustrious father, with a quick apprehension of the insidious fraud, gave directions for committing the volume to the flames, with a marked discriminating censure of the nature of the work, and the mode of its distribution. The book can never be extensively mischievous, or I would not contribute to revive the little interest it once excited, and which it solely owed to its manner of circulation; for in the or dinary course of publication it would have found no purchasers, It presents nothing but the coarsest transcript fron the writings of some of the coarsest German infidels, and the titled author has no other merit than that ascribed to Mallet, of having drawn a trigger for the discharge of another man's blasphemy. Your miscellany claims the proud distinction of protecting the public morals, and so long as you perform your promise my feeble efforts will not be wanting in detecting every attempt to poison and pervert them; and whether the attacks come from a Scotch knight of ancient line, or from a modern English knight doubly gazetted, I shall be prepared to ZEMARKABLE FACT relative to SIR WM. expose and refute them, though in so DRUMMOND'S DIPUS JUDAICUS. To the Editor of the New Monthly Magazine. SIR, YOUR correspondent Aristides, (p. 8,) complains of my having injured an doing I may chance to injure the esteemed friend of Aristides. On EARLY RISING. esteemed friend of his, and certainly«Go to the ant, thou sluggard, look to her proves his friendship, by declining to enter into the merits or demerits of the book in question. I might recriminate, by accusing Aristides of injuring my esteemed friends the Quarterly Reviewers, in calling their statement unfair, and complaining of the errors into which they have fallen, thus inconsistently abandoning his promise of not entering into the controversy, and identifying himself with dipus Vindex, Judaicus, Aristides, or whatever other allegorical name it may please him to assume. To the fact I stated I adhere, namely, "that the book entitled Edipus Judaicus was distributed, or rather obtruded, ways and be wise." To the Editor of the New Monthly Magazine. SIR, PERMIT me to call the attention of your readers to the following facts; if they were to have a proper effect every clock in London would have an alarum fixed to it by next month. A person rises in the morning at halfpast nine, another at six; if each lives to, be fifty years old, the one has enjoyed sixty-three thousand eight hundred and fifty hours, or two thousand six hundred and sixty days more than the other. Let us suppose that there are throughout Great Britain one million five hundred 1814.] On the Nature and Value of Labour, &c. thousand persons who rise at a past 9, All this time is uninterrupted day, and composed of hours in which the intelbet is far clearer and more fit for study than the rest of the day. It must be remembered. too, that nothing conduces more to health, and consequently to longevity, than early rising. Suppose out of the above number of persons, 500,000 should live four years longer than they otherwise would bave done (i. e.) fifty-four years instead of fifty, according to the ratio above, here are two million more years of actual txistence utterly wasted. Yours, &c. Berners-street, Ang 5. ALAUDA. For the New Monthly Magazine. RECOLLECTIONS of the UNPUBLISHED LECTURES of an EMINENT PROFESSOR. Of the Nature and Exchangeable Value of Labour and other Commodities. EVERY man, says Mr. Smith, is rich or poor in the earlier periods of society, according to his ability to enjoy the comforts and conveniences of life, by means of his own exertions. After a division of labour is introduced, he must depend chiefly on the exertions of others, and his riches will be in proportion to his power of purchasing these comforts. This last does not necessarily follow from the former part of the paragraph; for riches, after the introduction of a division of labour, will depend more on the skill than on the quantity of labour employed. Labour, says Mr. Smith, is the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities. The obscurity of his reasoning to support his proposition, is owing to the mathematical use, he makes of the term measure. He ac knowledges, also, the great difficulty of ascertaining the value of labour of different kinds, and in different times and places. In thus making labour the real value or purchase-money of all commo-NEW MONTHLY MAG.-No. 9. 209 dities, he confounds the circumstances of rude society with the subsequent advances of it, after the accumulation of stock, and the formation of positive institutions:-hence the fallacy of his reasoning. Mr. S. further says, that equal quantities of labour are always of equal value to the labourer. In what sense are we to take the word value here?—as value in use, or of exchange? Does not value in use mean utility only, and might not value simply be applied to express the value of exchange? By using the word value in both these senses without due distinction, Mr. S. often puzzles his readers, and sometimes imposes on himself. His doctrine on this point, as in the former case, is suggested by that state of society that preceded the accumulation of stock; but how different are the present times, when labour is not only exchanged against labour, but against the charges of stock, and the rents of lands, &c. In another place, Mr. S. distinguishes accurately between the real and nominal value of labour, and its being like other commodities: the real value being the amount of the comforts and conven.ences it will procure, the nominal, the money it is worth. But the theory of Mr. S. on this subject is an abstract speculation, not reducible to practice. It furnishes no accurate scale for measuring the values of labour and prices in different states and periods; nor have the practical inferences he subjoins any dependence on the theory. The terms intrinsic and exchangeable values are of different signification, and there is a distinction between value in use, and in exchange, for a commodity 210 Newfoundland Cod-Fishery. low prices indeed, no mathematical standard can be found, more than a mathematical measure of longitude. It is, however, necessary to fix on some commodity as a sort of standard, whose demand shall bear a proportion to the supply; and this uniformity of deinand can depend only on its being an article necessary to life. Corn, as being a necessary of life, and its supply being nearest in proportion to the demand, seems the properest standard to fix on. Mr. Locke, in his tract on lowering interest, fixes on this article from other consider ations. Its accuracy must be judged from its quantity being in proportion to the demand upon the whole, not by its variations from year to year. The price of wages being regulated by corn, it be comes also a standard of the value of other things; for which, see Vaughan's tract above. Mr. S. however, reverses this as regards wages. From our not having, however, accu rate accounts of the current prices of labour at different periods, we are obli ged to take corn as our standard: and bere, as we before said, we approach truth only, but by no means with mathematical exactness. In the 8th chap. of Book I. Mr. Smith has ably discoursed on the fluctuations in wages, from the improving, the stationary, and the declining states of society. Could the variations in wages be correctly ascertained, they would furnish, perhaps, a more precise standard of the exchangeable value of money than even wheat itself. [Oct. 1, average as many as about 46 quintals of fish. In 1782, the price of cod-fish at St. John's, was from twelve to thirteen shil lings per quintal. The trade to Newfoundland was greater in 1788, than it had been at any time since the commencement of the American war. More fish were caught this year than all the markets of Europe could consume, and a great proportion of them were sold, both on the continent and in England, for nearly half their value. It is supposed, that the overplus amounted to no fewer than 300,000 quintals. The price at St. John's was a low as ten shillings per quintal. In the following year, the price was from ten to eleven shillings per quintal. In 1791, as many as 751,296 quintals were caught, each man, on an average, catching about 70 quintals. The price of fish in 1792, was from fifteen shillings to sixteen shillings per quintal. I am, Sir, &c. S. P. RECIPES for the CURE of HYDROPHOBIA With CASES of hydrophobia are become so frequent, that the whole country is in a state of just alarm. The malignant nature of the disease has hitherto triumphed over all endeavours of medical men: and a person who is unfortunate enough to be afflicted with it, has no other alternative than to resign himself to his fate, and prepare for death. How dreadful is such a state; and what a benefit to mankind would be rendered by that person who should discover a cure for the dreadful malady! out being sanguine enough to think that such means will be accomplished through my agency, I have transmitted for inser tion in your valuable work, two recipes which I have received from a friend in America, which I copy, verbatim, from the manuscript that contains them, and which I submit to the consideration of your medical readers, feeling that in cases of extremity, almost any experi ment is warranted": ́ but in this case, no danger could be apprehended, if a per son in perfect health were to take the medicine. A positive Cure for the Hydrophobia. "Mr. Valentine Ketering, a native of Germany, but who, for the last 54 years, has been resident in Pennsylvania, bas communicated to the senate of that state, a sure care for the bite of a mad dog 1814.] Recipes for Hydrophobia-Children's Cauls. DREN'S CAULS. 211 To the Editor of the New Monthly Magazine. "Take the herb called red chick-weed, SUPERSTITIOUS NOTION respecting CHILwhen ripe or in full bloom, gather and dry it in the shade, reduce it to powder, give a small table-spoonful at one time to a grown person, in beer, water, or molasses." Another, "For the Bite of a Mad Dog, WISHING to add a mite to the information you have already received on the subject of children's cauls, I subjoin the following. In that part of the country where I reside, most parents prefer keeping children's cauls to selling them; and the reason given is that, if children born with cauls should at any time enter the army or navy, or remove to any foreign clime, they can determine by them whether the child is among the living or the dead. I am not sufficiently in the secret to ac quaint your numerous readers how they determine this matter; therefore leave it to a more intelligent correspondent. RUSTICUS. either for Man or Beast. "Take six ounces of rue, clean picked, and bruised, four ounces of Venice treacle or molasses, and four ounces of filed pewter,-boil these in two quarts of the best ale, in a pan, covered close, over a gentle fire, for the space of an hour; then strain the ingredients from the liquor: give eight or nine spoonfuls, warin, to a man or woman, three mornings, fasting. This quantity is sufficient for the strongest. A less quantity should be administered to younger persons, or of a weak constitution. If animals are the object of cure, give ten or twelve On the ANCIENT ART of HEALING bg spoonfuls to a horse or a bullock, and three, four, or five to a sheep, hog, or a dog. This should be given within nine days after the bite; and if you bind some of the ingredients on the wound, it will be the better." Such, sir, are my recipes, which have not been in England four days; and should a case occur within the knowledge of any of your readers, perhaps they will make a trial-particularly of the latter, as it can be procured at any season of the year. There are some persons who make simples their study, and who, perhaps, will take measures to give effect to the former; and should the experiment ever be made, I hope the result will be communicated to you for insertion, not doubting that you will afford it a place. The cause of madness in dogs, has as yet remained almost as profound a secret as the cure. I have lately observed the publication of the following circumstance, which is extremely natural :-A dog was observed to attack a yellow adder, very common on heaths, and soon after to become ill, which continued to increase until it died mad. Does the virus increase in malignity by passing through the body of that dog-and is not this a very probable cause of the origin of madness in dogs, and sometimes in other animals? fam, Sir, yours, &c. ROBERTUS. Portsmouth, Aug. 11, 1814, For the New Monthly Magazine. VISIONARY DIVINATION. (Continued from p. 17.) vulgar expressions in Greece, mauardai, FROM this divinatory sleep arose the and sys. The Latin term is incu tion of the Greek words. It appears, bure and incubatio; an exact translatherefore, that the Romans and Greeks tution; though we find but little menwere equally acquainted with this instition made of it by the Latin writers, yet this is no argument against its prevalence among the Romaus, as we are left with as scanty accounts of many other superstitions which were in vogue amongst them. It is highly probable that it was not by any means so popular in Rome as in Greece; and the cause of this may, perhaps, be found in the reflecting disposition and sober character of the haughty Roman, to which the light and volatile temperament of the Grecian formed so striking a contrast. stration. That incubation was a ready means of diving into the future needs no demonAlthough its practice was chiefly resorted to in cases where medical aid was desired, it was still made use cient oracles were consulted. Whether of in every other case, in which the anit arose in Greece, or migrated thither from the east, is a point with which the us unacquainted, ancients bave left These words are but ill explained in the best Greek lexicographers. Servius ad Virg. Æn. vii. 88, says, Incubare dicuntur proprie hic, qui dormiunt ad accipienda responsa." Tertullian de Anima, c. 49, thence calls them “ Incubatores fanorum.” 212 On the Art of Healing by Visionary Divination, though they advert to its prevalence amongst those who were called barba rians. Strabo has several instances of it, and particularly mentions a place in the Caspian sea where such an oracle existed; he also relates, in his celebrated account of Moses, that this lawgiver Jaid it down, in common with the priests of Esculapius, that to those who led a chaste and virtuous life the Deity would vouchsafe prophetical visions in his sanctuary, but to those who were of idle and impure babits they would be denied. Pomponius Mela even mentions a savage nation in the interior of Africa who laid themselves down to sleep on the grave stones of their ancestors, and looked upon the dreams they had on those spots as oracles from the dead. We shall sec, bereafter, that this superstition was equally indigenous among the Egyptians. Although it be doubtful whether the Grecks owed this species of divination to their own invention or not, its existence may at least be traced as far back as the earliest ages of their history; not withstanding no positive mention of it has been made either by Homer or the authors immediately following him. We shall spend but few words more on this subject, as it relates to Greece; the oracular power of dreams, and the sanctuaries where they are supposed to be dispensed, having already been diffusely treated of in the compilations of Van Dalen, and other learned writers. These species of oracles were in high estimation, even in the most enlightened and flourishing periods of Grecce; it is Somewhat singular, however, that no people cherished them more devoutly than the Spartans, who depended altogether upon oracles in their weightiest affairs of state. Of all the civilized nations of Greece, Sparta always approved herself the most superstitious; her advaucèment was rather the effect of her policy, than of any stimulus given to her civilization by science. This consideration will enable us to account for the powerful influence which, even in the latest stages of Lacedæmonian story, attached to the responses of Pasiphae, a local goddess of Thalame, but little known beyond the confines of Laconia. The extent of their influence is peculiarly evident in the history of Agis and Cleumenes.s Lib. xi. p. 50%, Paris, fol. 1620. +d. lib. xvi. p. 761.. De Situ Orbis. lib. i. c. 8. § Pluta.ch ap. Agis et Cleom. Cicero (de Div. i. c. 43.) probably alludes to this [Oct. 1, The greater part of these somnabilistic oracles were ascribed to persons who had distinguished themselves as great dreamers when on earth. In old umes there was a description of prophets who pretended to prepare themselves for the foreboding of future events through the medium of sacred dreams. They were classed under the appellation of Overgomchar; to which rank the most celebrated Vates of the heroic age belonged. In this way it was that a sacred spot was dedicated to Calchus, whence he gave his responses in dreams after his decease: this spot lay in Dauuia, on the coast of the Adriatic. The supplicant's offices began with the offering up of a ram, on whose skin he laid himself down, and in this situation received the instruction he sought for,* Amphilochus, a contemporary soothsayer, who accompanied the Epigoni in the first Theban war, had a similar oracle at Mallos, in Cilicia, which Pausanias asserts, even at the close of the second century, to have been the most credible of his age; it is also mentioned by Dion Cassius, in bis history of Commodus. The most fa mous, however, of this class was that of Amphiaraus, the father of Amphitochus, which was one of the five principal oracles of Greece; he had signalised himself as a sapient soothsayer in the first Theban war; and his oracle was situated at Oropos, on the borders of Boeotia and Attica. Of all others, this deserves our most particular attention, as it was resorted to more frequently in cases of infirmity and disease, than in any other circumstances. His responses were always delivered in dreams, for whose interpretation, as he was the first to possess that faculty, Pausanias says he received divine bonours. Those who repaired to Amphiaraus's oracle to supplicate his aid laid themselves down in the manner we have just related, after several preparatory lustrations and sacri fices, on the skin of a ram, slain in honour of the god, and awaited the dreams which were to unfold the means of their several cures. Lustrations and sacrifices were not, however, the only preparatives for inducing the visionary disposition. The priests subjected the patient to various oracle when he says that the Ephori of Sparta were accustomed to sleep in the tem ple of Pasiphae on state emergencies. There was a similar oracle in the neighbourhood of Thalame, not far from tylum, sacred to Ino. Strabo, lib. vi. p. 284. + Pausanias, i. 34. Dio Cass. lxxii, |