9. Nine ivvέa, novem.

The Moso-Gothic form is nigun,

the Icelandic niu. In the Latin novem, the v the g of nigun. In the English and Greek it is wanting. The explanation of the -n and -m will be found in the following chapter. 10. Ten

déκa, decem. The Moso-Gothic form is tihun; wherein the h the c of decem and the κ of Sika. The Icelandic form is tiu, and, like deka, is without the -n (or -m). The hypothesis as to the -m or -n will be given in the next chapter.

11. Eleven. By no means the equivalent to undecim = 1 +10.

a. The e is ein-one. Einlif, ein-lef, eilef, eilf, elf, Old High-German; andlova, Old Frisian; end-leofan, endlufan, Anglo-Saxon. This is universally admitted.

b. The -lev- is a modification of the root laib-an = manere = to stay to be over. Hence eleven one over (ten). This is not universally admitted.

c. The -n has not been well accounted for. It is peculiar to the Low Germanic dialects.-Deutsche Grammatik, ii. 946.

12. Twelve the root two+the root laib two over (ten). Tvalif, Moso-Gothic; zuelif, Old High-German; toll, Swedish. The same doubts that apply to the doctrine of the -lv- in eleven representing the root -laib, apply to the -lv- in twelve.-Deutsche Grammatik, ii. 946.

13. Thirteen 3+10. So on till twenty.

=

30. Thirty 3+10, or three decads. This difference in the decimal power of the syllables -teen and -ty is illustrated by

a. The Moso-Gothic.-Here we find the root tig- used as a true substantive, equivalent in form as well as power to the Greek δέκ-ας. Tváim tigum pusandjom = duobus decadibus myriadum. (Luke xiv. 31.) Jéré þrijê tigivé=annorum duarum decadum. (Luke iii. 23.) prins tiguns silubrinaize=tres decadas argenteorum. (Matthew xxvii. 3, 9.) Deutsche Grammatik, ii. 948.

b. The Icelandic.- "The numbers from 20 to 100 are formed by means of the numeral substantive, tigr, declined

like viðr, and naturally taking the word which it numerically determines in the genitive case.

"This is the form of the inflection in the best and oldest MSS. A little later was adopted the indeclinable form tigi, which was used adjectivally.”—Det Oldnorske Sprogs Grammatik, af P. A. MUNCH, og C. B. UNGER, Christiania, 1847.

Generally speaking, the greater part of the numerals are undeclined, even in inflected languages. As far as number goes, this is necessary.

One is naturally and exclusively singular.
Two is naturally dual.

The rest are naturally and exclusively plural.

As to the inflection of gender and cases, there is no reason why all the numerals should not be as fully inflected as the Latin unus, una, unum, unius.

CHAPTER XIX.

ON THE ORDINAL NUMBERS.

$370. THE remarks at the close of the last chapter but one indicated the fact that superlative forms were found beyond the superlative degree. The present chapter shows that they are certainly found in some, and possibly in all of the ordinal numbers.

First.-In Moso-Gothic, fruma, frumist; in Anglo-Saxon, forma, fyrmest; in Old High-German, vurist; in Old Norse, fyrst; in New High-German, erst. In all these words, whether in m, in mst, or in st, there is a superlative form. The same is the case with pratamas, Sanskrit; fratemas, Zend; πρτоs, Greek; primus, Latin; primas, Lithuanic. Considering that, compared with the other ordinals, the ordinal of one is a sort of superlative, this is not at all surprising.

Between the words one and first there is no etymological relation. This is the case in most languages. Unus, primus, εἷς, πρῶτος, &c.

Second. Between this word and its cardinal, two, there is no etymological connection. This is the case in many, if not in most, languages. In Latin the cardinal is duo, and the ordinal secundus, a gerund of sequor, and meaning the following. In Anglo-Saxon the form was se oder the other. In the present German, the ordinal is zweite, a word etymologically connected with the cardinal zwei = two.

Old High-German, andar; Old Saxon, othar; Old Frisian, other; Middle Dutch, ander. In all these words we have the comparative form -ter; and considering that, compared with the word first, the word second is a sort of comparative, there is nothing in the circumstance to surprise us. The Greek

forms SeÚTEρos and repos, the Latin alter, and the Lithuanic antras, are the same.

§ 371. With the third ordinal number begin difficulties: 1, in respect to their form; 2, in respect to the idea conveyed by them.

1. Comparing third, fourth, fifth, &c., with three, four, and five, the formation of the ordinal from the cardinal form may seem simply to consist in the addition of d or th. Such, however, is far from being the case.

2. Arguing from the nature of the first two ordinals, namely, the words first and second, of which one has been called a superlative and the other a comparative, it may seem a simple matter to associate, in regard to the rest, the idea of ordinalism with the idea of comparison. A plain distinction, however, will show that the case of the first two ordinals is peculiar. First is a superlative, not as compared with its cardinal, one, but as compared with the other numerals. Second, or other, is a comparative, not as compared with its cardinal, two, but as compared with the numeral one. Now, it is Now, it is very evident, that, if the other cardinals be either comparatives or superlatives, they must be so, not as compared with one another, but as compared with their respective cardinals. Sixth, to be anything like a superlative, must be so when compared with six.

Now, there are, in etymology, two ways of determining the affinity of ideas. The first is the metaphysical, the second the empirical method.

This is better than that, is a sentence which the pure metaphysician may deal with. He may first determine that there is in it the idea of comparison; and next, that the comparison is the comparison between two objects, and no more than two. The idea he may compare with others. He may determine, that, with a sentence like this is one and that is the other, it has something in common; since both assert something concerning one out of two objects. Upon this connection in sense he is at liberty to reason. He is at liberty to conceive that in certain languages words expressive of allied ideas may also be allied in form. Whether such be really the case, he leaves to etymologists to decide.

The pure etymologist proceeds differently. He assumes the

connection in meaning from the connection in form. All that he at first observes is, that words like other and better have one and the same termination. For this identity he attempts to give a reason, and finds that he can best account for it by presuming some affinity in sense. Whether there be such an affinity, he leaves to the metaphysician to decide. This is the empirical method.

At times the two methods coincide, and ideas evidently allied are expressed by forms evidently allied.

At times the connection between the ideas is evident; but the connection between the forms obscure: and vice versa. Oftener, however, the case is as it is with the subjects of the present chapter. Are the ideas of ordinalism in number, and of superlativeness in degree, allied? The metaphysical view, taken by itself, gives us but unsatisfactory evidence; whilst the empirical view, taken by itself, does the same. The two views, however, taken together, give us evidence of the kind called cumulative, which is weak or strong according to its degree.

Compared with three, four, &c., all the ordinals are formed by the addition of th, or t; and th, ð, t, or d, is the ordinal sign, not only in English, but in the other Gothic languages. But, as stated before, this is not the whole of the question.

The letter t is found, with a similar power, 1. In Latin, as in tertius, quartus, quintus, sextus; 2. Greek, as in rpíros (tritos), τέταρτος (tetartos), πέμπτος (pemptos), ἕκτος (hectos), Evvaros (ennatos), Séкaroç (dekatos); 3. Sanskrit, as in tritîyas, 'catur tas, shashť as third, fourth, sixth; 4. In Zend, as in thrityas the third, haptathas the seventh; 5. In Lithuanic, as ketwirtas fourth, penktas=fifth, szesztas sixth; 6. In Old Slavonic, as in cétvertyi=fourth, pjatyi=fifth, shestyi= sixth, devjatyininth, desjatyi tenth. Speaking more genedesjatyi=tenth. rally, it is found, with a similar force, throughout the IndoEuropean stock.

The following forms indicate a fresh train of reasoning. The Greek πrà (hepta), and Icelandic sjau, have been compared with the Latin septem and the Anglo-Saxon seofon. In the Greek and Icelandic there is the absence, in the Latin and Anglo-Saxon the presence, of a final liquid (m or n).