two small passages lead from it to the outside air, through the solid masses of the pyramid. The cutting and polishing of its stones is equal to any work that can be produced to-day, with the best perfected tools. Much of its stone was brought from the Arabian quarries, and the causeway on which it was brought from the Nile to the pyramids is still to be traced for a good distance.

EXTRACTS.

From the "Book of the Dead.”

When the deceased was brought before Osiris, the judge of the dead, he was questioned as to his whole past life. In reply he should be able to answer: "I have not blasphemed; I have not deceived; I have not stolen; I have not slain any one treacherously; I have not been cruel to any one; I have not caused disturbance; I have not been idle; I have not been drunken; I have not issued unjust orders; I have not been indiscreetly curious; I have not multiplied words in speaking; I have struck no one; I have caused fear to no one; I have not eaten my heart through envy; I have not reviled the face of the king, nor the face of my father. . . . I have not ill-used my slaves; I have not killed sacred beasts; I have not defiled the river. . . . I have made it my delight to do what men command, and the gods approve. I have offered to the deities all the sacrifices that were their due; I have given bread to the hungry and drink to him that was athirst; I have clothed the naked with garments. ." Could the deceased thus justify himself, he was allowed to pass on his way toward Elysium.

...

.

From a Prayer to the Chief God. (Memphite period.)

66

Hail to thee, Lord of truth! . . . at whose command the gods were made; .. the maker of men; that supportest their works, that givest them life; . . . that listenest to the poor who is in distress; that art gentle of heart when a man crieth unto thee; thou who deliverest the fearful man from the violent; who judgest the poor and oppressed; Lord of wisdom. . . at whose pleasure the Nile overflows her banks; Lord of mercy, most loving, at whose coming men live; . . . cause of pleasure

This colossus is nearly seventy feet in height; it is one of four, cut from the solid rock, that guard the entrance to the rock-hewn temple of Ipsamboul, in Nubia.

and light, at whose goodness the gods rejoice, their hearts reviving when they see Thee."

From the Precepts of Prince Ptah-hotep.

"The obedience of a docile son is a blessing. blessing. . . . The son who accepts the words of his father will grow old on account of it. For obedience is of God, disobedience is hateful to God. . . . Fulfil the word of thy master. . . . The obedient will be happy through his obedience; he will attain old age, he will acquire favor. I have myself in this way become one of the ancients of the earth; I have passed one hundred and ten years of life by the gift of the King . . . fulfilling my duty to the King in the place of his favor."

From a Hymn to the Nile, of the Time of Rameses II.
Hail to thee, O Nile!

Thou showest thyself in this land,

Coming in peace, giving life to Egypt:

Overflowing the gardens created by Ra;1
Giving life to all animals;

Watering the land without ceasing:

Lover of food, bestower of corn,

Giving light to every home . . . !

Thou shinest in the city of the King;

Then the house-holders are satiated with good things;
The poor man laughs at the lotus. 2

All things are perfectly ordered, -
Every kind of herb for thy children.
If food should fail,

All enjoyment is cast on the ground,
The land falls in weariness.

*

1 Ra, the chief sun-god.

2 Which he ate when he could get nothing else.

Shine forth, shine forth, O Nile! shine forth!
Giving life to men by his oxen:

Giving life to his oxen by the pastures!

Shine forth in glory, O Nile.

From a Prayer to the Sun. (Theban period.).

"Thou Disk of the sun, thou living god, there is none other beside thee! thou givest health to the eyes. . . . Creator of all beings. Thou goest up in the eastern

horizon of the heaven, to dispense life to all which thou hast created, man... beasts, birds, and creeping things of the earth . . . and they go to sleep when thou settest."

From a Prayer of Rameses, when hard pressed in Battle.

No EGYPTIAN REPRESENTATION OF

"I call on thee, my father Ammon1; I am amid multitudes unknown, nations gathered against me: I am alone, no other with me; my foot and horse have left me. I called aloud to them, none of them heard. I find Ammon worth more than millions of soldiers, thousands of cavalry, were they gathered all in one. works of many men avail, Ammon against them.... My cry rang unto Hermonthis; Ra heard when I called, he put his hand to me; I was glad; he called to me: 'Rameses, I am with thee, I thy father Ra; my hand is with thee. I am worth to thee myriads joined in one; I am sovran lord of victory, loving valor; if I find courage, my heart overflows with joy; all my doing is fulfilled."" "Then," adds Rameses, "not one of them joined his hand to fight, their heart

THE SUN-GOD RA.

1 God of heaven, afterward united with Ra, the sun-god.

... Ammon brings very low them that know not God."

From an Inscription concerning Rameses.

"Prince, Sovran Lord . . . who can soothe thee in the day of thy wrath?... Dread of his might is in every heart, he protects his army, all nations come to the great name, falling down and adoring his noble countenance."

The following is from an inscription regarding another Theban king:

Give

"Then came the prince Pefaabast, with tributes to the reigning Pharaoh of gold, silver, and all precious stones, with steeds the choicest of his stud. He threw himself prostrate before the king and said, 'Hail to thee, Horus, sacred majesty! . . . Hades has seized me. I am immersed in darkness! me light, I pray thee. I have not found a friend in the evil time standing by me in the day of battle, save thee only, O King. Do thou lift the darkness from me. I am thy slave, together with all my subjects, attached to thy royal apartments: thou glorious image of the sun, ruling over the indestructible constellations! While he exists thou existest, as he is indestructible thou art indestructible, O King of all Egypt, living for evermore.""

And again: "Corn is brought as an offering to thee; it is in its season: do not destroy the tree together with its fruit. All hail to thee! Thy terror is in my body; thy fright is in my teeth! I sit not in the house of feasting; the harp is not brought to me; lo, I eat the bread of hunger and drink in thirst. For since the day thou heardest my name terror is in my bones, my head is untrimmed, my garments are squalid."

From a Writer of the Time of Rameses II.

“Have you ever represented to yourself the state of the rustic who tills the ground? Before he has put the sickle to the crop, the locusts have blasted a part of it; then come the rats and the birds.... Anon, the tax-gatherer arrives, his agents are