QUESTIONS ON MAP AND NOTE.

What are the natural boundaries of Italy? How, and from what do they protect her? What geographical reasons can you give for the race-division of Italy? What geographic contrasts do you see between Greece and Italy? What difference will these contrasts cause, (a) in relative dates of the beginnings of Greek and Italian civilization? (b) in the size of Greek and Italian states? (c) in the natural occupations of the inhabitants? Reason for each answer. What advantages of position has Rome? What advantages of position have the people of Latium as compared with those of Samnium? The commerce of what countries can the masters of Italy and Sicily control? How? (See map of Roman Empire under Trajan, pp. 190, 191.)

A. B. I. STUDY ON REGAL ROME AND PRE-PUNIC REPUBLIC, 753 (?)-510 (?)-264 B.O.

Chief contemporary authorities: remains of laws and inscriptions; the walls and other monuments of the kings and the early republic.

Other chief original authorities: Livy, Plutarch, Dionysius.

Chief modern authorities: Mommsen, Ihne, Duruy.

1. Classes of People in Early Rome.

Patricians, who claim descent from the founders and settlers of Rome; they belong to three different Italian tribes, each tribe being subdivided into clans, and these again into families.

Plebeians, who seem to be the descendants of strangers and unrelated settlers on the Roman hills; they are not allowed to marry into patrician families, nor to share their religious rites.

Slaves, who largely consist of those sold for debt or taken captive in war.

2. The Political Organizations (Constitutions) of the

a.

Period.

Duties and Powers of Various Parts of Regal Rome, 753 (?)-510(?) B.C.

1 For public works of Regal Rome, see p. 140.

2 Space of time between the rules of two successive kings.

3 A "Cury" was a group of clans distinguished from the others by a

closer blood-relationship among themselves.

Note. Servius Tullius, the contemporary of Solon, adds to this organization the Centuriate Assembly, composed of all land-holding patricians and plebeians, divided into centuries or hundreds; those possessing property within certain fixed amounts are placed in the same century. This new assembly composes the Roman army, builds public works, and has the right to accept or reject by its vote aggressive warfare.

STUDY ON a.

Of whom is this state practically composed? Where is its power centred? Who feels this power? How? If a revolution occur, what will you expect to find changed? What are the bonds of union in this state? Why should the plebeians be admitted to the army? What does this change show in regard to their number in Rome? What power does it give them in case they are wronged? At what may the plebeians be dissatisfied? What name will you give this form of government?

b. Constitution of Rome as changed at 510 B.C.

1 The auspices and auguries played the part in Rome which the oracles did in Greece. The flight of birds, the quivering entrails of freshly slaughtered victims, the thunder, lightning, and earthquake revealed to the Romans the will of their deities. This will was interpreted to them by the augurs, who formed a regular college supported by the state. The

Romans did not feel justified in entering on any public action, unsanctioned by the gods; thus their laws, their treaties, their records, their standards of weight and measure, were protected by the temples and the priests. The former were built, the latter were supported, by the public treasury; the senate-house was a temple; every public assembly, every expedition, began with prayers to the gods.

STUDY ON I AND 2, a, b.

What are the two greatest differences between this and the former constitution? What is now the strongest part of the state? In whose hands is the power? What class has probably made this change, and why? What name will you give to this sort of government? What part of the state is now oppressed, and in what does that oppression consist? What power has this part to overcome this oppression? What bonds of union are there in this state? Where does each bond appear? Which bond is most prominent? What part of the state is increasing in power?