the search. At midnight the lance was found, the city resounded with shouts of joy, and the Christians were eager to meet their foes. The next night was passed in prayer and devotion. On the following day the plains of Antioch rang with the battlecry of the crusaders: "It is the will of God." This army, ragged, famished, sick, but inspired by faith in the divine aid promised by the lance, advanced in perfect order and certain of victory, to attack the Moslem thousands. The battle went hard; but as victory waned, say the historians, there appeared a squadron descending from the mountains, led by three horsemen in white, and clad in shining armor. "Behold," cried a bishop, "the holy martyrs, George, Demetrius, and Theodore, come to fight for you." Again the war-cry sounded: "It is the will of God"; the Saracens were put to flight, and the Christians fell on their deserted camp, where they found food and raiment and "admirable riches." For days they were busy carrying the spoil into Antioch, and "every crusader," according to the remark of Albert d'Aie, "found himself much richer than when he quitted Europe." When afterwards, the vision of the lance was questioned, the priest who saw it resolved to end all doubt by submitting to the ordeal by fire. In the presence of the army, and full of faith, he entered the high flaming blaze in his simple robes. He passed the ordeal alive, but not unscathed, and in a few days died; "and the miraculous lance from that time ceased to work miracles."

d. From the Bulls of the Pope regarding the Second Crusade.

"We grant to those who will devote themselves to this glorious enterprise the privileges which our predecessor Urban granted to the soldiers of the cross. We have likewise ordered that their wives and their children, their worldly goods, and their possessions, should be placed under the safeguard of the Church, of the archbishops, the bishops, and other prelates. We order, by our apostolic authority, that those who shall have taken the cross shall be exempt from all kinds of pursuit on account of their property."

"He who shall have contracted debt shall pay no interest. . . If the lords of whom he holds will not, or cannot lend him the money necessary, he shall be allowed to engage his lands or possessions to ecclesiastics or any other persons. As our predecessor has done, by the authority of the all-powerful God, and by that of the blessed St. Peter, prince of the apostles, we grant absolution and remission of sins, we promise life eternal to all those who shall undertake and terminate the said pilgrimage, or who shall die in the service of Jesus Christ, after having confessed their sins with a contrite and humble heart."

e. After the Second Crusade.

Many complaints were made of its preacher, St. Bernard, and his partisans, "struck with stupor," could only say among themselves: "God in these latter days has neither spared his people nor his name; the children of the Church have been given over to death in the desert, or massacred by the sword, or devoured by hunger; the contempt of the Lord has fallen even upon princes; God has left them to wander in unknown ways, and all sorts of pains and afflictions have been strewed upon their paths.'

f. Impressions of the Crusaders.

During the first crusade "they believed at every moment that they were approaching the end of their pilgrimage. ... Many of the great lords, who had passed their lives in their rustic donjons, knew very little more on this head than their vassals; they took with them their hunting and fishing appointments, and marched with their falcons on their wrists, preceded by their hounds."

As the crusaders approached Palestine, "in the plains and on the hills were oranges, pomegranates, and many other sorts of trees unknown in the West. Among these new productions was the sugarcane," which the pilgrims brought back to Europe,

whilst the Saracens introduced it into the kingdom of Grenada, whence the Spaniards afterwards conveyed it to America.

The chroniclers exclaim over the beauty of the gardens of Damascus and its "variegated" marble edifices; they admire "the industry and the commerce of Tyre, the fertility of its territory, its dyes so celebrated in all antiquity, that sand which is changed into transparent vases." "As for Antioch," says one of the chroniclers, "this place was an object of terror to those who looked upon it, for the number of its strong and vast towers, which amounted to three hundred and sixty," while its ramparts, solid as rock, were three leagues in extent. On reaching Constantinople, a French chronicler exclaims: "Oh, what a vast and beautiful city is Constantinople!" A German historian says that "such magnificence could not be believed were it not seen." It is said that the French knights, on seeing its towers and palaces, "could not persuade themselves that there could be such a rich city in all the world."

When, finally, Constantinople fell into the hands of the crusaders, krights, barons, and soldiers exclaimed in delight, "Never was so rich a booty seen since the creation of the world!" "The Venetians, more enlightened than the other crusaders, and born in a city constructed and embellished by the arts, caused several of the monuments of Byzantium to be transported into Italy."

g. From a Letter of Saladin.

"God has performed the promise he made to raise his religion above all religions. Its light is more brilliant than that of the morning; the Mussulmans are restored to their heritage, which had been wrested from them. . . . He only made war on those who opposed Him, that the word of God might be spread; for the word of God is exalted."

h. The Bargain of the Venetians with the Crusaders. (Villehar

douin.)

When the doge of Venice granted aid to the crusaders, he said, "We will make transports which will carry 4500 horses

and 9000 squires; and in ships we will convey 4500 knights and 20,000 foot-soldiers. And the contract shall cover nine months' provision for all these horses and all these people. This is what we will do on condition that we are paid four mares for every horse and two for every man; and the contract shall begin to take effect from the day in which we set sail from Venice, in the service of God and Christendom." The doge also promised fifty armed galleys " for the love of God," on condition that French and Venetians should share half and half in all their gains.

STUDY ON 3.

Name all the motives which, in your opinion, moved men to go crusading. Of these, which were characteristic of the time? Which common to all times? What is the relation of the pope to the crusades? What historic reason why the pope should appeal especially to the French? What was the value of the sacred lance to the crusaders? What would naturally become of much feudal land as a result of such circumstances as the crusaders found themselves in at Antioch? What effect would such circumstances have upon their faith? What proofs that this effect was produced? What effect upon the population of Europe? What class would become relatively weak in point of numbers? What did crusading evidently teach the crusaders? What benefits evidently accrued to Europe from this crusading? What occupations would rise in value in men's regard? To whom would the power formerly exercised by the perished knights now pass? What do we learn as to the comparative amount of civilization in the West and in the East? In what ways was the West behind? Why should the Venetians be more enlightened than the other crusaders? What practical proof in their own city of their civilization? What motives and what spirit seem to have actuated Saladin? State all that you learn about the Venetians from their bargain with the crusaders.

C. LATER MEDIEVAL PERIOD, 1215-1492. From the

Great Charter to the Discovery of America.

Chief contemporary authorities and sources of informa tion: Laws of England, France, the Empire, and the Church; charters and petitions of guilds, towns, orders; the monastic chroniclers, such as Matthew Paris and the monks of St. Denis; the chronicles of courtiers and travellers, such as those of Joinville, Froissart, Marco Polo; literary remains 1 in poetry and prose, notably of Chaucer, Dante, Roger Bacon; monuments of period, -its castles, cathedrals, town-defences and town-halls; frescoes and tapestries, painted and wrought for churches, castles, or town-halls.

Chief modern authorities in English, as before, adding Rogers' "Six Centuries of Work and Wages," and Brentano's "Essay on Guilds" for industrial history.

a. States.

1. Organizations of the Period.

The kingdoms of Europe are still, in theory, feudal monarchies; the Empire still the Holy Roman Empire; in each country, however, now appear prominently Assemblies of Estates; that is, assemblies composed of men from the Estate (rank or order) of Nobility, to which men are admitted by birth and training; from the Estate of the Clergy, to which they are admitted by vows of devotion to the Church; and from the Third Estate, the Estate of Commons, that is, of free, untitled men. In France, this assembly is called into existence by King Philip the Fair, and is named the States-General; in Spain, it is the Cortes; in England, the Parliament; in Germany, the

1 For the literary remains of England, see the publications of the Early English Text Society.