the maintaining and pursuing thereof; and shall not suffer ourselves. . . to make defection to the contrary part, or to give ourselves to a detestable . . . neutrality in this cause which so much concerneth the glory of God. ... And this Covenant we make in the presence of Almighty God, the Searcher of all hearts, with a true intention to perform the same, as we shall answer at that great day when the secrets of all hearts shall be disclosed. . . .”

p. The King's Power. (From Cowell's "Interpreter," a law dictionary of the time of James I.)

"The King is above the law by his absolute power.. For otherwise were he subject after a sort, and subordinaire, which may not bee thought without breach of duty and loyaltie. . . . And though at his coronation he take an oath not to alter the lawes of the land; yet this oath notwithstanding, hee may alter or suspend any particular lawe that seemeth hurtfull to the publike estate. . . . Thus much in short, because I have heard some to be of opinion that the lawes be above the King.... But I hold . . . that the King of England is an absolute King."

...

STUDY ON 3, h-p.

What two motives for the sending out of the Armada? What did the English and the Dutch regard as their strongest defence against this fleet? What historical influence is incidentally seen to be felt in England? What feeling displayed in i and j? What causes for that feeling are indicated in each of these extracts? What wrong or oppression is shown by both k and g? What class is wronged by the "inclosures" and how? How does this wrong become an injury to the State? What injury arises from the massing of pasture and sheep in the hands of the few? Who are injured? What does the letter of Elizabeth illustrate?

What injustice to the State is seen in the expenses of James I.? How is this illustrated in the member for Oxford's speech? What does the "Remonstrance" and the accompanying discussion show to

be the point at issue between the king and parliament? Why does the matter of the king's support seem strange to parliament? What difference between the feudal and modern theory of a king's support?

Describe the causes of the civil wars in England from a Royalist's point of view. From a Covenanter's. What objection to the general reading of the Scriptures is urged by Hobbes? What justification for the union of Church and State? What intolerance do you discover in the "Solemn League and Covenant"? What different view of the king's power taken by Cowell and the Covenant?

E. MODERN EUROPE, 1648-1880.

PERIODS OF HISTORY.

I. The "Old Régime,"1 1648-1789. Peace of Westphalia to the
French Revolution.

Aa. In Europe in general

Ab. In France.

II. French Revolution and wars of Napoleon, 1789-1815.
III. Nineteenth Century, 1815–1880.

I. THE "OLD RÉGIME.”

"Infinite Providence, thou wilt make the day dawn.—

"But still struggles the twelfth hour of the night; nocturnal birds of prey shoot through the darkness; spectres rattle; the dead play their antics; the living dream." - RICHTER.

Aa. General Study on the "Old Régime" in Europe, age of Lewis XIV., Frederick the Great, Anne and the Georges, Maria Theresa, Peter the Great. Chief original sources of its history: State documents, consisting of government records, of treaties, diplomatic correspondence, and laws; contemporary letters and journals (notably of St. Simon and Pepys); pamphlets and newspapers; contemporary art and literature; the

1 This general phrase can hardly be applied to England after 1688.

"Annual Register," published yearly since 1758, and containing a record of the events and a retrospect of the literature, science, and art of each year.

Chief historians: Same as for D; also Schlosser's History of the Eighteenth Century, and Lecky's History of Rationalism in Europe, and his History of England.

1. Chronological Summary of Leading Events.

a. International.

1648

TO

1660.

Continued war between France and Spain over boundaries. This war ends by the Peace of the Pyrenees, which gives France new territory toward Spain and the Spanish Netherlands; at the same time a marriage is arranged between Lewis XIV. and a Spanish princess, the former giving a solemn promise to claim no rights to Spanish lands by reason of this union, in consideration of a large sum of money to be paid by Spain.

Naval war between England and Holland, caused by mutual irritation over colonial and commercial relations, and finally precipitated by the passage of the "Navigation Act" by the English parliament. By this act no goods are to be brought from Asia, Africa, or America into England save in English ships. The war ends by a treaty in which the Dutch agree to salute the English flag when they meet it on the high seas, and to repair injuries done to English commerce in the East Indies and elsewhere. Commercial treaties advantageous to England, made between her and Denmark, Portugal, and Sweden; Portugal grants the English the exclusive right of commerce with herself and her colonies.-One English fleet dispatched by the government (Cromwell's) seizes Jamaica from Spain, while another is sent out to annoy the Spanish galleons. War with Spain, in which the English join

forces with the French, and which is ended by the Peace of the Pyrenees.

War of Sweden against Poland, because the king of the latter country claims a right to the Swedish crown; Russia, Denmark, Germany, and the elector of Brandenburg join Poland. The war ends with the Peace of Oliva and two other treaties, by which it is agreed that the Polish king shall renounce all claims to the Swedish throne, and acknowledge Brandenburg as the independent ruler of Prussia, while Denmark gives up all claims to possessions in the Scandinavian peninsula.

1660

TO

1700.

On pretexts arising from his Spanish marriage, Lewis XIV. invades and conquers parts of the Spanish Netherlands and of the Spanish county of Burgundy (Franche-Comté). England, Holland, and Sweden form a Triple Alliance against him, and he signs a temporary peace. He then buys off the king of England (Charles II.) from this alliance by promising an annual payment of $1,000,000 in return for English aid in his wars with Spain and Holland; he also buys the aid of Cologne and Münster, and concludes a private treaty with Sweden. Thus prepared, he attacks Holland; the latter is aided by the elector of Brandenburg, the emperor, and Spain. This war ends with the Peace of Nimwegen, by which Holland promises neutrality, Brandenburg gains confirmation of possession of lands near the Rhine, Lewis XIV. gains Franche-Comté and important parts of the Spanish Netherlands (1678-1679). Lewis establishes "Chambers of Reunion," or special French courts, to decide just what towns and cities belong to him according to treaty; whatever is adjudged his, he occupies with his troops, and thus gradually wins the larger part of Elsass (Alsace); he treacherously seizes Strasburg, invades the remainder of the Spanish Netherlands, occupies Lorraine.

The emperor protests, and makes a truce with Lewis, by which, however, the latter retains his "Reunions" and Strasburg as well.

While France thus crowds back the boundaries of the Empire from the west, the Turks attack her on the Hungarian side, take Belgrade, and besiege Vienna itself (1683), whence they are turned back by Sobieski, king of Poland, and Charles, duke of Lorraine; they are driven further and further southward, and the crown of Hungary becomes hereditary in the House of Austria.

Charles II. of England, desirous of gaining supplies from parliament, and supported by the English merchants, who are jealous of the Dutch commercial power, sends out a fleet to attack and annoy the Dutch colonial possessions; New Amsterdam is seized by the English and named New York; new war with Holland follows, ended by the Treaty of Breda, which confirms New York to England and Surinam to Holland.

The

Lewis XIV. claims new lands toward the Rhine (Palatinate) on the pretext of inheritance, and at once begins to occupy and devastate them by force of arms. emperor, the kings of Sweden and Spain, several German princes, England and Holland, form the "Grand Alliance" against him; war is waged in Europe and the European colonies, ending by the Peace of Ryswick, which leaves things much as before; Lewis is compelled to make some restorations to Spain and a few to the emperor, but is allowed to keep Elsass and Strasburg.

1700

ΤΟ

1714.

War of the Spanish Succession.-The king of Spain, having willed his dominions to the grandson of Lewis XIV., who accepts the crown in his behalf, the second Grand Alliance is formed by England, Holland, and the emperor, with the avowed objects of conquering the Spanish Netherlands as a protection for