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India, English and French established trading-posts, and the English established a system of government by which India was more or less ruled by English merchants in the interests of English enterprise. The establishment of great business or trading corporations, such as the Bank of England and East India Company of London. - The establishment of societies or academies of wealthy and learned men, for the advancement of science and learning.

Of these the most famous was "The Royal Society" in England, whose "business was," says one of its early members, "to discourse and consider of philosophical enquiries and such as related thereunto, as Physick, Anatomy, Geometry, Astronomy, Navigation . . . Chymicks, Mechanicks, and Natural Experiments"; such academies were founded also in Germany, Russia, and France during the period under royal patronage.-The observatory at Green

wich was established under Charles II., and that at Paris under Lewis XIV. In the middle of the eighteenth century, the British Museum was founded to serve as a depository for collections to illustrate art, history, and science. Under Charles II. the Chelsea hospital for disabled soldiers, and under William and Mary that at Greenwich for disabled sailors were established; in Paris, Lewis XIV. built the "Hotel des Invalides" for old and sick soldiers. This age saw the erection of many royal palaces and fine town and country houses for the nobility; of the palaces, Versailles, built by Lewis XIV., has become the most famous.

The latter part of the eighteenth century was marked, especially in England, by much agitation for the improvement of human conditions, especially among the silent and neglected classes. This agitation was carried on in behalf of the poor and sick, in behalf of the imprisoned and the enslaved, in behalf of the savages of America and the Hindoos of Asia; it resulted in the establishment of various hospitals and charities, in prison reform (John Howard), in the condemnation of British cruelty and oppression in India, and, under the lead of Wilberforce, in the abolition of negro slavery in the British colonies (early in following period). These movements were accompanied by a great religious revival among the lower classes (Wesleys), and by a reform within the English Church.

STUDY ON 2.

What relation between the literature and the events of the last half of the seventeenth century in England? Give five illustrations. What do you find common to the literature of France and England? What subjects are of general interest throughout Europe? What three subjects new to European thought appear during this time? What bases of truth are men seeking for? Illustrate. What relation between the literature and the life of this period, religious, social,

moral? What new classes of literature appear? What does each of these classes tell us of the taste, intelligence, or interest of the time? Of these classes, which has developed greatly in our own day? In which country is the literature most revolutionary? What relation between English and French thought? What is the general attitude of the publications of the period toward toleration? Freedom? Morality?

Make a list of by b, c, d, and e.

the new arts, sciences, industries, or activities shown Which of these has further developed in our own century? What relation between the material and intellectual progress of the period and the kings?

I. Ab. Special Study of the "Old Régime” in France. Age of Lewis XIV., Lewis XV., and Lewis XVI. (Eighteenth Century).

Chief contemporary sources of its history: The "Cahiers" of the departments of France, called in by the States-General of 1789, and containing memoranda of grievances, and official statements of conditions; private letters and diaries; the travels of Arthur Young, an Englishman who made careful observations in France on the eve of the Revolution; the works of Voltaire, Rousseau, and other writers of the time.

Chief historians of period: De Tocqueville, Taine, Stephens.