enormous amount of metal. In gratitude for this dis covery, they dedicate to the Samian Juno a large bronze vase, richly ornamented and representing a tenth of their gains. In Megara, a man said to have been a cook overthrows the government of nobles, and he and his descendants rule the state for about a hundred years. In Corinth, also, the government of the few or of the nobles (Oligarchy) is overthrown by the leaders of the people, Cypselus and his son Periander, who themselves successively hold the chief power. By these men a gilt colossal statue of Zeus is dedicated to the god at Olympia, and a large chest of cedar-wood, overlaid with carved gold and ivory, is offered to Hera. In other Greek states, also, the oligarchies are overthrown by popular leaders or powerful men, who become rulers under the title of "Tyrant" or "despot." In several cases these "Tyrants" are put down by the help of Sparta, who always opposes them.

For Athens, see B. II. 2.

600

ΤΟ 590.

The first sacred war occurs, caused as follows: the pilgrims to Delphi are annoyed and heavily taxed by the neighboring city Cirrha; and at last, on the motion of the Athenian Solon, the states of the Delphic Amphictyony join forces and destroy Cirrha, and, dedicating the land on which it stood to Apollo, there hold the Pythian games; these games are at first simple contests in music and poetry, but afterwards races and athletic sports are added.

590

TO

500.

The Nemean games are established in honor of Zeus, and the Isthmean in honor of Poseidon. Sparta gains part of the Argive territory. Croesus, king of Lydia, asks for aid from Greece, addressing himself to the Spartans.

Alcæus.

Lesbos: citi

zen.

Aleman.

7th Lyric poet: that is, wrote short poems descriptive of feelings, passions, momentary impressions; many poems on love, on music, on particular events and persons; invented new poetic measures.

Sardis said to 7th Lyric poet: made new arrangements

have been a

slave.

Anaximander. Miletus.

of music.

6th Made the first map, first globe and sun-dial; geographer, astronomer, geometrician; taught that the world arose from a chaotic mixture of matter; philosopher.

Archilochus. Paros: poor; 7th Lyric poet, writing also on war; in

Arion.

son of slave-
mother.

Lesbos: trav- 7th
elling harper.

vented new poetic forms.

Improvised lyric songs and poems at the festivals and at courts; much patronized by Periander, the tyrant of Corinth.

6th Lyric poetess: teacher of Pindar, from whom she took the prize at one of the sacred festivals of Thebes.

7th See 2.

6th Geographer; philosopher.

6th Taught that a fiery ether was the source and original material of the universe; philosopher.

8th Poet: writing on the gods, on the history of creation, and the first races of man; also, didactic poems, giving directions for agriculture.

6th Athlete: six times crowned victor at Olympia, and six times in the Pythian games, for skill in wrestling.

Pythagoras.

in Magna

Samos: taught 6th Traveller, geometrician: taught that the universe is created after an exact harmonious order, and that the end of human life is virtue; philosopher.

Græcia; son

of a rich mer-
chant; citizen.

Poetess: invented new poetic measures; taught poetry and music among the women of Asia Minor. Lawgiver and poet (see p. 63).

6th Lyric poet: made new arrangements of verse.

7th Invented a better harp on which to accompany the Homeric hymns; gained the prize at a great Lacedæmonian festival.

6th Astronomer, physiologist, geometrician: taught that the original element of the universe is water, and that the universe is animated by a living soul; philosopher.

6th First dramatic poet: using for material the stories of Greek mythology. War songs; new arrangement of music; poet.

7th

Xenophanes. Lydia (Ionian 6th
Greek).

Poet, writing on philosophy; taught

that there is one God, "neither in body like unto mortals, neither in mind"; attacked the old religious myths.

Other famous works of this period: The temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus; of Hera, at Samos; of Poseidon, at Poseidonia (Pæstum) in Italy; three great temples at Agrigentum in Sicily; an artificial harbor at Corinth; the discovery of the casting of bronze in Samos, and of welding iron in Chios; at the latter place was made a famous iron stand for a silver censer that the king of Lydia sent to Delphi.

STUDY ON 1, 2, AND 3.

What two bonds of union existed among the Dorians? Ionians? How far was the position of Perioci or Metics oppressive? In what regard was it favorable? Differences between Helots and slaves.

Which was the leading Greek state in this period? Name three facts which prove it. What were the great centres of Greek life in general? What important common interests had the Greeks? What institutions and what event prove this? If you read that something occurred in the 15th Olympiad, what date will you assign it in our own chronology? With what class of people does the Tyrant seem to have been associated, or to have represented? What characterized the Greek worship? What influence would such a worship have on (a) physique, (b) intellect, (c) art? What proofs have we from 2 and 3 that it did have such an influence in directions (b) and (c)? Was the simplicity of the Olympic prize good or bad? Why? Name all the directions in which Greek activity this period. Of these, name the two chief ones. Greek world manifest this activity? What reason can you offer for this? What stimulated poetry among the Greeks? Art? What arts? What relation between the Tyrants and art and civilization? What was evidently meant by philosophy among the Greeks?

turns itself during What parts of the

What position or station or birth was necessary to acquire greatness among the Greeks? What gave men greatness? Compare with the great men and deeds of Egypt and Assyria. What sort of civilization is evidently arising among the Greeks?

4. Extracts Illustrative of Period.

a. The Founding of Cyrene. (Herodotus.)

As the king of Thera was consulting the Delphic oracle about other affairs, the oracle advised him to found a colony in

Libya [Africa]. Accordingly men set sail from Thera to explore, and landing on Platea, an island near the Libyan coast, sent back word that they had taken possession of Libya ; "the Theræans resolved, therefore, to send one of every family" of their own city to the new colony. But nothing turning out prosperously, they inquired at Delphi, saying, they had settled in Libya and fared no better." But the oracle replied that they had not yet reached Libya; nor would the god "release them from founding the colony until they had come to Libya itself." So seeking further, they founded Cyrene, establishing there the same religious rites and worship they were accustomed to in Thera.

66

b. Solon and Croesus. (Herodotus.)

When Solon, the Athenian, visited Crœsus, king of Lydia, the latter showed him all his splendid treasures; "and when he had seen and examined everything sufficiently, Croesus asked him . . . Who is the most happy man that you have seen?"" Solon answered, "Tellus, the Athenian, because he lived in a well-governed commonwealth; had sons who were virtuous and good . . . and coming to the assistance of the Athenians in a battle. . he put the enemy to flight, and died nobly. The Athenians buried him at the public charge ... and honored him greatly." Croesus then asked for the next happiest man whom Solon had seen, and Solon gave the names of two youths of Argos, because they had a sufficient fortune, and had withal, such strength of body, that they were both alike victorious in the public games; and he added this story, that "when the Argives were celebrating a feast of Hera, it was necessary that the mother of these youths be drawn to the temple in a chariot; and since the oxen did not come from the field in time, the young men. . . drew the car in which their mother sate"; and the men of Argos, who stood around, praised the strength of the youths, and "the women blessed her as the mother of such sons"; and after their death, the Argives caused their statues to be dedicated at Delphi."