course of the campaign, had been sent into Italy and Switzerland.

Marshal Suwarrow, who had his head-quarters at Lindau till the 30th, without having had an interview with prince Charles, quitted the banks of the lake of Constance with his whole army, and that of the prince of Conde, and marched towards Augsburg, where he arrived on the 8th of November (1799) with all his staff, and fixed his head-quarters. A few days afterwards, he received orders from Petersburg, to re-conduct his army into the states of his sovereign; and these orders he put in execution about the end of the month. The Russian troops traversed Bavaria and the Upper Palatinate. Fresh orders stopped them on the frontiers of Bohemia: and marshal Suwarrow placed his head-quarters at Prague, from whence he continued his march towards Russia some time after.

The French, ever since the re-taking of Manheim by the Austrians, had kept on the defensive, guarding with attention, the left bank of the Rhine. But general Ney, at this time commanding the army of the Rhine, had no sooner learnt the victories of Massena, and the departure of the archduke, than he thought of again resuming the offensive. His army amounted to about 25,000 men, and some reinforcements were on their march to join it. On the morning of the 4th of October, the French setting off, in force, from Mentz, advanced rapidly on the route towards Frankfort, which they entered, and on which

they attempted to levy, as they had done but lately, a severe contribution: but this was redeemed by the magistrates, at the expense of only a few hundreds of louis d'ors. Having made themselves masters of Manheim, between the Maine and the Lhan, they proceeded in their career, and drove the imperial troops from Manheim and Heidelberg, to the Enz. Towards the end of October, the archduke found himself in a situation attacked in the Palatinate and in Franconia, and threatened in the Grison country and Suabia: he saw the Russians abandoning the theatre of war. The two armies opposite to him consisted of nearly 100,000 men, and he had himself scarcely 70,000 to line the banks of the Rhine, from its source as far as Khel; to defend Suabia; and support the armed peasants who covered Franconia.

The imperialists and the French, at the end of October, were opposed to each other on the banks of the Maine, the Neckar, the Enz, and the Rhine. The object of the French was to cover the siege of Philipsburg, which they bombarded, and hoped to carry by the weight of their fire that of the Austrians was to raise it, and, at all events, to shelter the duchy of Wurtemberg. The Austrians being reinforced on the 3rd and following days of November (1799) compelled them to withdraw into the angle formed by the Neckar and the Rhine, and raise the blockade of Philipsburg. This fortress, still resolutely defended by the heroic rhingrave of Salm, was again attacked, and again relieved; and the French, under

the command of Lecourbe, forced to retire to Manheim. The French general proposed an armistice, which was accepted, on condition that it should be ratified by the archduke, who, for the best military reasons, refused to do it. The French were, therefore, obliged to evacuate Manheim and Neckerau, and completely to re-pass the Rhine.

In closing this chapter, it may not be amiss to observe, that for the sake of connection, we have purposely omitted noticing the warlike transactions in other parts, though occurring at the same period, and which, for the same reason, will be detailed in a similar way.

CHAP. IV.

Situation of the contending Parties in Italy.--Operations of the Armies.---Arrival of Suwarrow with the Russian Auxiliaries.---Suwarrow takes the Chief Command of the Allied Army.---Scherer re-called, and Moreau appointed Commander in Chief of the French Army of Italy.--- Embarrassing Situation of Moreau.---The Allies Capture Tortona and Turin.---Reduction of the Citadels of Milan and Ferrara.--- General Macdonald and his Army evacuate the Kingdom of Naples, and endeavor to join Moreau; but are forced back.--Capture of the Citadel of Turin.---Macdonald and Moreau at length form a Junction.---Counterrevolution at Naples, and horrible Massacre.--Joubert appointed to the Command of the Army of Italy.---Dreadful Battle of Novi, &c.---Allied Expedition to Holland.

As the allies had acquired the active co-operation of Russia, in what was sometimes termed "the good old cause"-" the cause of Europe," or other designations suited to party spirit or worse motives, and had made the most strenuous exertions to bring into the field a force which they fondly imagined would bear down all opposition, so it might be said, in the same proportion, had the ardor of the French been

suffered to languish; and in that very country where the republican arms had astonished the world (and proved Bonaparte the first general of the age) they were now doomed to suffer a sort of eclipse-the brilliant beams of victory, it is true, shortly afterwards chased away the gloomy mist of defeat; not for the security of liberty, but merely to serve as stepping stones, to enable a deceitful and ambitious individual to ascend the summit of human power, enslave the French territory, and dictate laws to continental Europe.

At the commencement of 1799, the republican troops in Italy consisted of nearly 80,000 men, in want of many necessaries to constitute an effective force, and in most respects ill-appointed; while the inordinate rapacity which had marked their conduct had excited a general opposition more dangerous than the ferocious hordes of Suwarrow. Exclusive of their own troops, about 50,000 Poles, Swiss, &c. had entered into the French service. They were formed into two armies: one of which was called the army of Italy, and the other that of Naples. The army of Italy, consisting of 90,000 men, occupied the Modenese, the state of Genoa, Piedmont, the Milanese, the Valtelline, and the countries of Brescia, Bergamo, and Mantua. This dispersion of force, which a general hatred of the French rendered necessary, reduced the number of men, who could be employed in active operations, to about 40,000. The army Naples, consisting of about 40,000 men, occupied the

of