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feast of ingathering,-feast of tabernacles, | Solomon,-feast of Purim in commemoration people dwelling in booths, beginning on fif- of national deliverance through Esther,teenth day of seventh month, and lasting seven these feasts not binding upon Christians, but days; feast of dedication, instituted by are beggarly elements,-shadow of things to come.

SACRIFICES.

SACRIFICES, PATRIARCHAL,

the rest,-sin-offering and trespass-offerings Often offered in patriarchal times, instances particularized,-instances of great sacrifices in Cain and Abel, Noah, Abraham, Balaam, at Gilgal, at carrying up the ark, in time of Solomon, Hezekiah and Ezra.

etc.

UNDER THE MOSAIC DISPENSATION.

Offered on an altar, and by Aaron and his sons, very rarely in other places as at Sinai, Gilgal, the token of devotion, acceptable to God, sacrifice of a broken spirit, of believers, a living sacrifice, also of praise,-sacrifice uever a substitute for obedience; instanced in Saul and the Hebrew nation, as described by the psalmist, the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah and Hosea,-a right spirit essential to acceptance, sacrifice of wicked an abomination; the discontinuance of sacrifice threatened as a great calamity to the Jewish people.

DIFFERENT MATERIALS OF SACRIFICE.

PERIODS AND OCCASIONS OF SACRIFICE.

Daily at morning or evening, double sacrifice on Sabbath,-at new moon,-at the passover, on the first, tenth and fifteenth of seventh month,-ceremony of scape-goat bearing iniquities into a land not inhabited, sacrifices at child-birth,-for sins of ignorance on part of people and rulers,-for priests, and at cleansing of lepers,-at dedication of sanctuary, with the consecrating of its altar and priesthood.

THE RUBRIC.

Victim to be taken and slain, its blood poured out, its carcase flayed, and fat, kidneys, etc. removed, its inwards and legs to be washed Quadrupeds from flock and herd, and birds-in water,-hands laid on it, and confession their qualifications, that they were without blemish, and of a certain age.

MEAT-OFFERING.

For priests and people, prepared in different ways-frankincense,-drink offering of wine, -salt necessary to every meat-offering, but neither leaven nor honey to be employed."

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SACRIFICE.

Burnt offering wholly consumed by fire, peace-offering in which only certain parts were consumed, the priest and worshippers eating

SCRIPTURE.

made over it,-its breast and right shoulder waived toward the four quarters of heaven,— carcase of beasts whose blood is carried with the vail, to be burnt without the camp,-no stranger to eat of holy things, but these to he eaten by Aaron and his sons in the holy place.

PURPOSE OF SACRIFICES.

To secure pardon,-the priest shall make an atonement; seasons of sacrifice, therefore joy,— without power in themselves,-but simply types,-not possible that blood of bulls and goats should take away sins.

THE SCRIPTURES.

Its source in divine revelation,-given by inspir-
ation of God, the Lord spake, as to Noah, Moses
Aaron, Eleazar, Joshua, Job,-(see under
PROPHETS.)

TRUTH OF SCRIPTURE,
Evinced by many statements, - tried words,
upright, true, faithful, not to be superseded,-
of great power, converting the soul, ingrafted
word able to save.

THE SOURCE OF INSTRUCTION AND BLESSING,

Patience and comfort of the scripture.

ABOVE TRADITION, Pharisaical error,-tradition of the Apostles to be held,-the possession of scripture a great privilege,-famine of hearing the word of the Lord, an awful menace,-advantage of Israel, in the possession of the oracles of God.

MODE OF RECORD.

Principally by writing as enjoined and practised by Moses and the prophets,-by Evangelists and Apostles,-write the vision,etc., -the Decalogue written by Jehovah on two tables of stone,-received by Moses on mount

Sinai, first tables broken, and others prepared and inscribed by the divine finger.

THE BIBLE.

In early times the copy of the law was laid up in the side of the ark, and was found by Hil. kiah,-read by Ezra,-Books of the old Testament, the law, the prophets and the psalms,books in New Testament, Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypse.

Times of Uzziah, written by Isaiah,-acts of Hezekiah, also written by him,-Book of the kings of Israel and Judah,-Lamentation for Josiah by Jeremiah; Books of the Chronicles of the kings of Judah and Israel often referred to,-profane Authors sometimes referred to, as in Esther, and by Paul.

THE BIBLE A PERFECT REVELATION, Neither to be diminished nor added to,-to be read in public, as it was often in early Jewish history, and latterly in the Synagogues, obligation to hear it, give ear, who hath

BOOKS QUOTED NOT IN THE CANON, Book of wars of the Lord, quoted in Numbers, -Jasher quoted in Joshua, and 2nd. Samuel-ears let him hear,-also to obey - neglect of book of Nathan the prophet, and Gad the seer, prophecy of Ahijah the Shilonite, and visions of Iddo,-book of Shemaiah the prophet, and Iddo the seer, story of the prophet Iddo in 2nd. Chronicles, also referred to in same place, the book of Jehu, Life and

this duty resulting in ignorance,-exposition of the Scripture as by Ezra and Philip, Israel's happinesss dependant on obedience, desire and benefit of understanding and searching scripture-obligation at the same time to remember it, and to meditate upon it.

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Primeval tongue-naming of animals by An appeal to God-the Lord liveth-oath to Adam confusion of tongues at Babel-a peo-be scrupulously kept-instances of oathsple of unknown tongue often meaning a dis- in Old Testament of Abraham to the tant and fierce people-various languages king of Sodom, and to Abimelech-of Abramentioned in Scripture, and a dialective ham's servant to his master-of Jacob to variety-Sibboleth-names of persons and Laban-of Joseph to his father, of Joshua to places significant of old, usually explained and Rahab of Joshua to the Gibeonites-of Moses often referred to. to Joshua-oath of Gideon-Saul's adjuration to the people-in the intercourse of David and Jonathan-in the history of David and Solomon-of Elijah-Nehemiah-GedaliahJeremiah; in New Testament of Herod Peter-forms of adjuration used by Paul; selfimprecation on the part of David, Job and

THE ORGAN OF SPEECH, Tongue-government of it difficult, but essen tial-word spoken in season-slow to speak, bridling the tongue,-soft answer, etc.-Loquacity-prating fool-uttering all his mind-silence -I was dumb and opened not my mouth.

LANGUAGE.

Often used in challenge or address, and reply -numerous instances in Scripture and in Job

REPROOF.

the Psalmist.

FAME,

Based on many qualities-principally valour the good often evil spoken of contemned in Hebrew times a good name to be valuedand maligned.

SINS OF TONGUE,

Falsehood in various forms-equivocationA duty specially referred to often in Pro- dissembling-instances in Abraham, Sarah, verbs.

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Of Jacob, Israel, Absalom-the Psalmist
Paul-vows to be kept, or paid with punctu
ality-rash vows of Jepthah, and of the Jews
against Paul-special and kind, Levitical law
in case of a woman vowing.

Jacob, David, Peter, Ananias-flattery, talebearing,-vain-boasting-boasting of Paul-a record of facts, mockery, reproach, censorious judgments, calumny-hard names not always unjust-Herod, that fox-swearing forbidden in the form of profanity and perjury.

FIGURES OF SPEECH,

Satire in song of Deborah, etc -Irony-Elijah's speech to the worshippers of Baal, etc., climax, hyperbole comparison, metaphor-striking sayings of Solomon-personification-various instances of it-gifts of tongues at Pentecost, not Sacerdotal and private-instances often re- to be used for an idle display, acording to corded. Paul's advice to the Church in Corinth

BENEDICTION,

SPIRITS.

SPIRITS.

Angels-as to nature, spirits, as to number, vast twelve legions; distributed into various orders—Gabriel, Michael, of great power, excelling in strength-standing in the presence of God.

THEIR OFFICE,

wrestled-appearing in the burning bushand to Joshua, and to Manoah and his wifethe God of the temple-even Jesus Christangels to be venerated, not worshipped— worshipping of angels reprobated-not ac cepted on any account by them-see thou do it not.

DEVILS,

Instructors, descending with oracles-law received by the disposition of angels; guardians, ministering spirits-sometimes inflicting ven- Malignant and fallen-their head, Satangeance-as seen by David in the angel with Abaddon, Apollyon, god and prince of this the drawn sword over Jerusalem, in the de-world-lying-evil in character-synagogue of struction of Sennacherib's army, and in the Satan-numerous-name Legion of mysteri Apocalypse. ous power, and influence-scene in Job-Apocalyptic imagery-final doom of fallen spirits -Satan bruised-worship paid to them in the customs of idolatrous countries-cup of devils -apocalyptic dragon, or old erpent.

VISITATIONS OF ANGELS,

Often in the form of men with bright aparel-strange symbols in the book of Ezekiel -the angel of the covenant-prominent in patriarchal history-with whom Jacob

(DEMONS, see under MIRACLES.)

TABERNACLE-TEMPLE.

TABERNACLE,

daily burnt-offerings - having on it a fire which was never to go out-laver of brass.

ARTISTIC GENIUS,

Of Bezalecl and Aholiab, in constructing the Tabernacle and its furniture - they being filled with the Spirit of God.

Of divine origin-made according to pattern shown in mount-a quadrangular structureformed of Acacia boards, each ten cubits high, and a cubit and a half broad, with two tenons fitting into silver sockets-twenty boards on north and south side-six for west side, and two for each of its corners-held up by boards of Acacia-with a curtain of blue and purple In wilderness, amidst numerous sacrifices and suspended over eastern side or entrance, hav-costly offerings, made by the princes of the ing over it three coverings of linen-cashmere or goat's hair-morocco leather or rams-skins dyed red-and badger's skin for the outer

one.

COURT,

Round about, fenced in by curtains-Tabernacle-divided by the veil into the holy and most holy place.

FURNITURE,

In holy place the lamp-with seven lightstable of show-bread-and golden altarof incense. In Holy of Holies-the ark, or sacred chest, with the mercy-seat and cherubim-the august dwelling-place of Jehovah, who dwelt in thick darkness-Ark solemnly guarded when carried from place to place-sometimes taken out in war-once taken captive by the Philistines, but soon released, and stationed with solemnity at various places prior to the erection of the temple.

ALTAR.

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In court of Tabernacle-made of brass for narrow windows.

TABERNACLE-TEMPLE.]

CHAMBERS.

Round about, and of three stories.

FURNITURE,

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rebuilt under divine promise, uttered by Haggai and Zechariah-Obstacles presented by various adversaries, but at length overcomeDedication-under Ezra-purified by Jesus, and its ruin foretold by Him-Ezekiel's mys

In holy place, lamps, etc,—in Holy of Holies, tic temple-its measurement and form, etc., ark and cherubim.

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detailed at length in the concluding chapters of his prophecy.

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Predicted and accomplished under Cyrus pulpit of wood.

VINEYARD-ORCHARD.

VINEYARD,

A common and early possession,-one planted by Noah, vineyards very numerous in Judea, planted on hills, sometimes trained on sides of houses, sometimes let and rent paid in fruit,-fruit of, not to be eaten for three years, the symbol of Jewish privilege,-parable of the husbandman, and its reference to Jesus. Its blossom,-sour grapes,-grapes in clusters often heavy as at Eschcol,-dwelling under vine symbol of security,-wood of vine useless save for fuel,-a fruitful source of imagery to the prophets.

LAW OF PLANTING, One who had newly planted, exempt from military service.-not to be sown with diverse seeds, dressed by husbandmen with pruninghooks,-protected by hedges and towers.

VINTAGE.

Grapes gathered into baskets with singing, trodden in wine presses with shouting,-symbol of divine wrath-vine, a figure of Christ, its branches, of his people.

TREES,

Characterized as green, with fruitful boughs, parts of tree, the stock, root, leaves, fruit often serving for illustrations to the poets of Israel, Forests,-thick,-felled with iron, or axe,symbol of spiritual sterility,-forests mention. ed in Scripture, -Bashan and its oaks,Haroth,-Ephraim and its wood, Lebanon, Carmel, of Arabia and of the south,-king's forest and its timber.

ORCHARD,

A scene of greenness,-planted with trees and shrubs of pleasant shadow, in valleys and by streams, liable to devastation,-trees known by fruit,-good trees and good fruit.

HEBREW LAW,

Fruit for first three years to be reckoned uncircumcised and not to be eaten,-no extortion to be practised in transfer, and fruit trees not to be cut down and employed in a siege. Flowers and aromatics in song of Solomon. TREES AND SHRUBS MENTIONED IN SCRIPTURE, Almond, its flourishing,-Almug for pillars,—

HERB AND SHRUB.

Apple, its beauty,-Ash,-Bay, its verdure, Box, Cedar, goodly and full of sap, Chesnut, Cypress,-Fig, its fruit very abundant, its Aloes, Calamus, Myrrh, Saffron, Spikenard, leaves indicative of Summer,-Fir,-Juniper, very costly, Anise, Cummin, mint, tithe of them, Lign,-Aloes, planted by the Lord, Mulberry, Cucumbers, Garlic, Leeks, Melons, Onions Myrtle,-Mustard, seed small, Oak, Oil tree, in Egypt.-Cassia, Fitches thrashed or beaten Olive, green, goodly fruit shaken off when ripe, with staff-Gourd, its rapid growth,-Hyssop, -Palm, straight and tall, the righteous one, Reeds and Flags, by water-course, and slender Pine,-Pomegranate,-- Shittim,-Sycamore, or shaken with the wind, Manna, angels' common by wayside,-Teil,-Willow by the food. brook.

VISIONS AND DREAMS.

VISIONS AND DREAMS.

One mode of divine revelation to the prophets, open vision, false vision, the true vision to be written, plain upon tables.

VISIONS IN SCRIPTURE.

through multitude of business,-also supernatural ones from God,-anxiety to interpret them, very common, as seen in Pharaoh and Nebuchadnezzar-true interpretation only from God as inferred by Joseph and Daniel.

INSTANCES IN SCRIPTURE.

From Jehovah to Abraham, Jacob, Moses in the bush, Samuel the child, and Nathan, -the sublime description of Eliphaz,-vision Of Abimelech concerning Sarah,-Jacob,of Isaiah and symbolic ones to Ezekiel,-tc the Ladder. -Lavan concerning Jacob,Nebuchadnezzar,-to Daniel of empires and Joseph about his future elevation,-Pharaoh's changes, and to Amos and Zechariah,-(see butler and baker about their own fate,— under PARABLES and EMBLEMS.)-In New Pharaoh himself about the coming famine, Testament of various kinds to Ananias, Cor--Midianite soldiers about Gideon's victory,— nelius, Paul, John, and the disciples.

DREAMS.

Solomon, and the gift of wisdom, Nebuchadnezzar, the colossal image,-and the mystic tree, Daniel, Joseph about the child Jesus,

Night and Sleep-dreams natural coming Pilate's wife and that just man.

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A frequent occurrence, and usually the result Proclamation of peace or surrender to be ofsintul passion--whence come wars and fightings? made ere the siege commenced, often pro-often exemplified in Jewish history-under- ductive of great misery to the belligerent city taken sometimes for conquest, as under Joshua-parable of the little city, besieged by the against the nations of Cauaan-sometimes for self-defence, as Israel against Amalek, etc.

BIOTS,

Or simultaneous uprisings, as at Jerusalem, against Paul-civil wars and passions, as in ancient armies, when every man's sword was turned against his fellow.

FIGHTING.

A scourge of Providence, severely felt by many nations--and therefore peace esteemed a great blessing-universal peace predicted swordsconverted intoploughshares(Strongholds, Fenced and Walled Cities, (see under ARCHITECTURE)-passes sometimes watched and guarded garrisons put into strongholds-strict watch kept by sentries.

great king, and delivered by a poor wise man Blockade the raising of a bank, or casting up a mount-the trench-building a fort and setting an engine the battering-ram and axes-breach made, and city taken.

SIEGES MENTIONED IN SCRIPTURE.

Abel, Ai and the ambush, Debir, Eglon, Gibbethon, Hamath-zobah-Hebron, cities in north of Palestine-Jabesh-Gilead--Jericho, the ram's horns and ark-Jerusalem (see under JERUSALEM)-cities of Judah, Keilah, Lachish, Libeah, Makkedah, Ramah, Ramoth - Gilead, Samaria, Shechem, Tizah, Thebez, Ziklag.

RESULTS OF SIEGE.

Overthrow and spoilation-fortress levelled, and the city often set on fire, as instanced in

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