Elements. mined, and for a specimen of the 15th class, inspect the flowers of shepherds purse, or mustard. See also Plate XCIV. fig. 14. and 15.

The 16th, 17th, 18tb, and 19th classes depend upon the manner in which the stamens are connected, whether they be joined by their filaments into one set, er two sets, or more than two; or be united by the anthers into a cylinder.

In the 16th class the stamens are united by their filaments into one set, forming a case round the lower part of the pistils, but separating at the top. A geranium forms a specimen of this class. In the 17th the corollas are papilionaceous, like the blossom of a bean; the stamens are connected by their filaments, but divided into two sets or parcels, one of which is thicker and forms a case round the pistil; the other is smaller and leans towards the pistil. Specimens of these may be found in the flowers of peas and beans. In the 18th class, the stamens are united by their filaments into more than two sets, or parcels. See Plate XCIV. fig. 18.

The 19th class is difficult to a beginner. It consists of compound flowers, as the common daisy, dandelion. They are called compound, because each single flower consists of a collection of little flowers or florets, attached to the same broad receptacle, and contained within one calyx. Each floret consists of a corollet, or little corolla, five stamens united by their anthers into a hollow or tubular cylinder, and a pistil which passes up through the tube of the cylinder. See Plate XCIV. fig. 19. and examine a dandelion, or thistle, or common groundsel, or a sun-flower. See also the beginning of the 19th class in the system, where a fuller account will be given of this class.

In the 20th class, the stamens are attached to the pistil. An orchis will afford a specimen of this. See also Plate XCIV. fig. 20.

In the three next classes, the pistils and stamens are situated on separate flowers, or distinct plants, or on plants which bear flowers with pistils and stamens, others with stamens or with pistils, or flowers of both kinds.

The

The

The 21st class contains those plants which have flowers of different kinds on the same plant, some bearing pistils, and others bearing stamens only. flowers with pistils we shall call pistillar or stigmate, and those with stamens staminal or anthered. birch affords an example of this class. See also fig. 21. The 22d class consists of those species which have stamens on one plant and pistils on another. Instances of this may be found in the willow, poplar, and juniper. See fig. 22.

The 23d class comprehends those plants which have at least two and sometimes three kinds of flowers. 1. Some anther-stigmate, or with pistils and stamens on the same flower. 2. Others have pistils only, or stamens only. 3. Or having flowers with pistils only, or flowers with stamens only. This may be expressed more concisely. Some having flowers anther-stigmate, some stigmate, or some anthered, or having both anthered flowers and stigmate flowers. The common ash tree may be examined for a specimen of this class. See also fig. 23.

The names of the classes are formed from Greek words, and express the characteristic of each class. The first ten classes are named from the Greek VOL. IV. Part I.

+

THE formation of the orders is as ingenious and simple as that of the classes. In the first thirteen classes, the names and characters are taken from the number of pistils or styles; when these are wanting, from the number of stigmas. Thus :

Mono -gynia, I style.
ᎠᎥ -gynia, 2 styles.
Tri -gynia, 3 styles.
Tetra -gynia, 4 styles.
Penta -gynia, 5 styles.
Hexa -gynia, 6 styles.
Hepta -gynia, 7 styles.
Deca gynia, 10 styles.
Dodeca-gynia, 12 styles.
Poly -gynia, many styles.

In the 14th class Didynamia there are only two orders, which depend on the presence or absence of the pericarp or seed-vessel.

1. GYMNOSPERMIA. Four naked seeds in the bottom of the calyx; as in mint, dead-nettle, thyme. 2. ANGIOSPERMIA. Seeds enclosed in a pericarp, as in fox-glove, eye-bright, toad-flax, fig-wort. In the 15th class, Tetradynamia, there are also two orders, which are taken from the form of the pericarp.

I. SILICULOSA. Seeds enclosed in a silicle, or roundish seed-vessel, consisting of two pieces called valves, and the seeds fixed to both edges or sutures, as in shepherds purse, scurvy-grass. I 2. SILIQUOSA.

In the 19th class there are six orders, which it is difficult at first to distinguish accurately.

1. POLYGAMIA EQUALIS. or having both stamens floret; as in dandelion, choke.

Florets anther-stigmate, and pistils in the same thistle, sow-thistle, arti

2. POLYGAMIA SUPERFLUA. When the flower is composed of two parts, a disk or central part, and rays projecting outwards; as in corn-marygold, tansy, daisy, golden-rod, groundsel, chamomile, milfoil. The florets of the disk are anther-stigmate; those of the ray stigmate. 3. POLYGAMIA FRUSTRANEA. Florets of the disk anther-stigmate; those of the rays with styles but no stigmas; as blue-bottle, knapweed. POLYGAMIA NECESSARIA. Florets of the disk anther-styled, without stigmas; those of the rays stigmate. Garden marygold will afford a speci

4.

men.

5. POLYGAMIA SEGREGATA. When each of the florets has a calyx, besides the common or general calyx of the flower. Specimens of this can only be found in botanic gardens.

6. MONOGAMIA. When the flower is not compound but single, and the anthers united.

This or

der ought to be transferred to the class Pentandria, as, indeed, has been done in some very valuable systems. Examples of it may be found in the violet.

In the classes Gynandria, Moncecia, and Diccia, the orders are formed from the number of stamens, with three of a different kind, monadelphia, syngenesia, and gynandria, in the classes Monoecia and Dioecia.

I. MONOECIA. When the flowers are anther-stigmate and anthered; or anther-stigmate and stigmate, on the same individual plant.

2. DIOECIA. When the flowers are anther-stigmate and anthered, or anther-stigmate and stigmate, on two different individual plants.

3. TRIOECIA. When the flowers of one individual plant of the same species are anther-stigmate; upon a second individual plant, anthered; and upon a third individual plant, stigmate.

The orders into which the 24th class, Cryptogamia, is divided, will be explained in the introduction to that class.

OF THE SECTIONS.

The orders are generally subdivided into what may be called sections. These may vary in number, according as the system is partial or universal; but they are almost as well established as the classes and orders. Sections are not employed in the 11th, 12th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 20th, 21st, 22d, 23d classes. The principles on which they are formed are few and very simple.

In the first ten classes they depend upon the follow- Elementa ing circumstances; on the flower being superior or inclosed in a spathe or glume, aggregate, umbelled, in. ferior or naked, complete or incomplete, calycled, envolucred; on the number of petals, the seeds being pa ked or enclosed; on the number of seeds, and the number of cells in the capsule or seed-vessel, or number of berries.

The flower is said to be superior when the receptacle of the flower is above the germen, and inferior when the receptacle is below the germen. A flower is said to be naked when the calyx is absent; it is called complete when it has both a calyx and corolla, and incomplete when either of these is wanting. It is said to be calycled when the calyx has a small calyx or calyclet at the base. An aggregate flower, is a flower composed of florets standing on footstalks, attached to a broad receptacle.

An umbelled plant, is one which sends out towards the top, from the same point or centre, a number of branches like the spokes of an umbrella, and bearing flowers on the top. All the spokes, with their flowers, form an universal umbel. On the top of each At the spoke arises an umbellet, or partial umbel. base of the spokes of the umbel, or universal umbel, is a sort of calyx, called an involucre, or universal involucre; and at the base of the spokes of the umbellet is a partial involucre, or an involucret. This will suffice for explaining the sections of the first ten classes. The sections of the 13th depend on the number of petals.

In the 14th class, Didynamia, the sections depend upon the calyx; which is said to be cleft when it is cut or divided into so many parts, and two-lipped when its mouth has a resemblance to two lips.

In the 15th class the sections depend on the silicle and calyx. The silicle in one section is notched at the point, and in another unnotched or entire. In the first section of the order siliquosa, the calyx is closed by its own leaflets. In the second it is not closed, and the leaflets are separated at the upper end. dria, there are six sections. In the 17th class, Diadelphia, and the order decan1. The first comprehends those flowers which have their stamens all united as in

the class Monadelphia, and therefore forms an exception to the regularity of the class. 2. In the second, the stigma is pubescent or hairy. The stamens not. 3. The seed-vessel or legume, has two cells, without legume contains only one seed, without the marks of the connected marks of the former sections. 4. The the former three sections. 5. The legume is somewhat jointed, without the marks of the former. 6. The Legume has only one apartment, but many seeds, without the marks already mentioned.

The only remaining class, whose orders are divided into sections, is the 19th, Syngenesia. 1. In the first section of the first order, the corollets are ligulate, that is, flat towards the exterior or upper end, and tubular only at the base. 2. Capitate or headed, when the flowers grow in globular forms; as the thistle. 3. Discoid, when the corollets are all tubular, not ligulate. In the order polygamia superflua are two sections. 1. Discoid corollets. 2. Rayed or radiate, when all the corollets are ligulate.

We

1. Monogynia, I style.

2. Digynia, 2 styles.

3. Tetragynia, 4 styles.

V. PENTANDRIA, 5 stamens.
1. Monogynia, I style.
2. Digynia, 2 styles.
3. Trigynia, 3 styles.
4. Tetragynia, 4 styles.

5. Pentagynia, 5 styles.

6. Polygynia, more than 5.

VI. HEXANDRIA, 6 stamens. If the two opposite sta

mens be shorter, the plant is of the 15th class.

1. Monogynia, I style.

2. Digynia, 2 styles.

3. Tetragynia, 4 styles.

4. Polygynia, more than 4.

VII, HEPTANDRIA, 7 stamens.
1. Monogynia, I style.
2. Digynia, 2 styles.
3. Tetragynia, 4 styles.
4. Heptagynia, 7 styles.

VIII. OCTANDRIA, 8 stamens.
1. Monogynia, I style.
2. Digynia, 2 styles.
3. Trigynia, 3 styles.

4. Tetragynia, 4 styles.

IX. ENNEANDRIA, 9 stamens.
1. Monogynia, I style.
2. Trigynia, 3 styles.
3. Hexagynia, 6 styles.

X. DECANDRIA, 10 stamens.
1. Monogynia, I style.
2. Digynia, 2 styles.

3. Trigynia, 3 styles.

4. Pentagynia, 5 styles.

5. Decagynia, 10 styles.

XI. DODECANDRIA, 12 to 19 stamens, inserted in the receptacle.

1. Monogynia, I style.

2. Digynia, 2 styles,

3. Trigynia, 3 styles.

4. Pentagynia, 5 styles.

5. Dodecagynia, 12 styles.

XII. ICOSANDRIA, 20 stamens or more fastened to the Elements, inside of the calyx.

1. Monogynia, I style.

2. Digynia, 2 styles.

3. Trigynia, 3 styles.

4. Pentagynia, 5 styles.

5. Polygynia, more than 5 styles.

XIII. POLYANDRIA, more than 20 stamens fastened to the receptacle,

1. Monogynia, I style.
2. Digynia, 2 styles.
3. Trigynia, 3 styles.
4. Tetragynia, 4 styles.
5. Pentagynia, 5 styles.
6. Hexagynia, 6 styles.

7. Polygynia, more than 6 styles.

XIV. DIDYNAMIA, 4 stamens, 2 longer than the rest. i. Gymnospermia, 4 naked seeds in the bottom of the calyx.

2. Angiospermia, seeds enclosed in a seed-vessel. XV. TETRADYNAMIA, 6 stamens, 4 longer than the rest.

1. Siliculosa, seeds contained in a silique or roundish seed-vessel.

2. Siliquosa, seeds contained in a silique or long seed-vessel.

XVI. MONADELPHIA, stamens united by their filaments into one set or body.

1. Triandria, 3 stamens.
2. Pentandria, 5 stamens.
3. Octandria, 8 stamens.
4. Enneandria, 9 stamens.
5. Decandria, 10 stamens.
6. Endecandria, II stamens.
7. Dodecandria, 12 stamens.

8. Polyandria, more than 12 stamens.

XVII. DIADELPHIA, stamens united by their fila. ments into two bodies.

I. Pentandria, 5 stamens. 2. Hexandria, 6 stamens. 3. Octandria, 8 stamens.

4. Decandria, 10 stamens.

XVIII. POLYADELPHIA, filaments united and divided into more than two sets.

1. Pentandria, 5 stamens. 2. Icosandria, 20 stamens.

XIX. SYNGENESIA, anthers united into a cylinder. 1. Polygamia æqualis, florets all anther-stigmate. 2. Polygamia superflua, florets of the disk antherstigmate; florets of the ray stigmate.

3. Polygamia frustranea, florets of the disk an-
ther-stigmate; florets of the ray styled, but
not stigmate.

4. Polygamia necessaria, florets of the disk anther.
styled; florets of the ray anther-stigmate.
5. Polygamia segregata, several calyclets in one
calyx.

6. Monogamia, flowers, single, not compound,
with anthers united.

Elements, XX. GYNANDRIA, stamens fastened to the pistils.

1. Diandria, 2 stamens. 2. Triandria, 3 stamens. 3. Tetrandria, 4 stamens. Pentandria, 5 stamens.. 5. Hexandria, 6 stamens. 6. Decandria, 10 stamens. 7. Dodecandria, 12 stamens.

4.

8. Polyandria, more than 12 stamens.

XXI. MONOECIA, stamens and pistils not in the same flowers, but in the same plant.

1. Monandria, I stamen.
2. Diandria, 2 stamens.
3. Triandria, 3 stamens.
4. Tetrandria, 4 stamens.
5. Pentandria, 5 stamens.
6. Hexandria, 6 stamens.
7. Heptandria, 7 stamens.
8. Polyandria, more than 7.

9. Monadelphia, filaments united.

10. Syngenesia, anthers united.

11. Gynandria, stamens fixed to pistils.

XXII. DIOECIA, stamens and pistils on different

n

plants.

1. Monandria, I stamen,

2. Diandria, 2 stamens.

3. Triandria.

4. Tetrandria.

5. Pentandria.
6. Hexandria.
7. Octandria.
8. Enneandria.
9. Decandria.

10. Dodecandria.
11. Polyandria.

12. Monadelphia.

13. Syngenesia.

14. Gynandria.

XXII. POLYGamla.

I. In the first class, Order I. sect 1. the calyx is Elements. one-leaved or indistinct, corolla absent. Sect. 2. the berry contains many seeds, the spadix contains many flowers, and the capsule is one-seeded. Order II. genus 5. calyx wanting, two petals present; seeds four, not enclosed in a seed-vessel.

II. In the 2d class, DIANDRIA, Order I. the genera depend upon the figure of the corolla, which is divided, wheel-shaped, ringent, furnished with a spur, or two-petaled; on the calyx being cleft or being twoleaved; on the number of seeds which the berry contains; on the shape of the capsule, and the number of seeds enclosed in it; on the stamens being distant, or standing on a footstalk.

In the 2d order, the only genus is a grass, the calyx and corolla of which are called glumes.

III. In the 3d class, TRIANDRIA, Order I. sect. 1. the distinction of the genera depends on the number of divisions of the calyx and singularities of the stigma. In sect. 8. the genera are distinguished by the peculiarities of the glumes and seeds.

In the 2d order, Digynia, sect. 1, 2, 3, and 4, the genera are distinguished,

1. By the number of valves or pieces of which the glumes or corolla and calyx consist.

2. By the peculiarities of these valves,

3. By the number of flowers contained in the ca

lyx.

4. By the peculiarities of the stigma and seed. 5. By the form of the spikelets, and

6. By the peculiarities of the spine or thread, or form of the receptacle.

In the 3d order, Trigynia, the genera are distinguished,

1. By the number of leaves of which the calyx is composed.

2. By the number of petals.

3. By the form of the capsule, the number of valves composing it, and seeds contained in it.

IV. In the 4th class, TETRANDRIA, Order I. the genera are determined, Sect. I.

1. By the peculiarities of the common and partial calyx, or of the calyx and calyclet.

2. By the corolla being superior.

Sect. 2. and 3.

1. By the number of seeds and situations of the capsule.

2. By the number of divisions of the calyx, and
its relation to the stamens.

Digynia, the genera are distinguished,
Sect. 1, 2, and 3.

1. By the nature and shape of the capsule, and
the number of cells and seeds it contains.

2. By the shape of the corolla and the absence or presence of pores.

3. By the shape, number, and situation of the seeds.

Sect. 4. comprehending the umbelled plants, is formed into three subdivisions.

1. Plants that have an involucre and involucret. 2. Those that have only involucrets.

I. Siliculosa, the genera are distinguished, 1. By the silicle or short roundish seed-vessel, by the shape and position of its valves or pieces, by its being entire or notched, and the number of seeds it contains.

II. Siliquosa. The genera are distinguished, 1. By the shape of the silique or long seed-vessel, which is composed of two valves or pieces, with the seeds fastened to both sutures, or joinings of the valves; by the manner in which the silique opens.

2. By peculiar glands.

3. By the calyx being open or spreading.
4. By the position of the petals.

5. By the stigma being notched or entire. XVI. In the 16th class, MONADELPHIA, the genera are distinguished,

5. By the peculiarities of the involucres or involucrets.

6. By the peculiarities of the stigmas and fruit. The other orders have nothing peculiar. VI. HEXANDRIA, the genera are distinguished, 1. By the number of petals, shape, divisions, and situation of the corolla.

2. By the number of leaves, form, and situation of the calyx.

3. By the number of cells and seeds of the seedvessels, and shape of the seed.

4. By the peculiarities of the stamens.

5. By the form and number of the stigmas.. The next seven classes form their genera in so similar a manner to those already described, that we omit them.

XIV. In the 14th class, DIDYNAMIA, Order I. Gymnospermia, the genera are determined,

1. By peculiarities of the anthers and filaments.
. By peculiarities of the lips and throat of the
corolla.

$ 3. By peculiarities of the calyx..

upper petal, which spreads and rises upwards, is called the standard, and the two side petals are called the wings. The seed-vessel is called a legume, and consists of two pieces or valves, and the seeds are fixed to one of the sutures or joinings..

In the order Decandria, the genera are distinguished,

1. By the form and divisions of the calyx.

2. By the form and roughness of the style and stigma.

3. By the peculiarities of the standard, keel, and wings.

4. By the legume; its form, length, and the number of seeds it contains.

XIX. In the 19th class, SYNGENESIA, the genera are distinguished,

1. By the nature and form of the receptacle, by its smoothness or roughness, its being dotted, or like a honeycomb..

2. By the nature of the pappus, which is the feathery, or flying, or winged crown of the seed. by which it flies.

3. By the peculiarities of the calyx, its resembling tiles, being double, accompanied with scales, &c.

4. By the number of florets in the ray. XX. GYNANDRIA, Diandria, the genera are di stinguished,

By the form of the nectary, which is the lowerlip of the corolla.

XXI. In the 21st class, MONOECIA, the génera. are distinguished,,

L. By

Elements.