Ern.-North, south, east, west. Ful. (Opposed to -LESS.)-Mind, peace, hope, brim, care, waste, cheer, youth, play, sin, wake, law, mourn, truth. Ic.—Angel, hero, poet, sphere, lyre; vertex, -ical, dropsy; sympathy, -etic, pathos, theory; barometer, -etric, diameter; emblem, -atic, problem, system, drama; color, -ific, dolor; science, -tific; romance, -tic; pharisee, -saic; tragedy, -gic; Plato, nic. Ile.-Infant, serve, merchant, mercant-, puer (boy). Inc.-Serpent, adamant, alkali; crystal, -line. Ish.-Salt, black, yellow, boy, fop, wolf, snap, scare, skit-, Spain, Ireland. Ive. (Generally active.)--Create, abuse, progress, retain, retent-, attend; perceive, -ceptive; presume, -sumptive; produce, product-; disjoin, disjunct-; adhere, -hesive, corrode, intrude, decide; expel, -pulsive, repel. Nt. (Generally active.)-Tolerate, -ant, please, buoy, triumph, luxury; solve, -ent, consist, abhor; compose, -ponent. Ous.—Bulb, pore, pomp, fame, joy, ruin, peril, murder, mountain; bile, ious, perfidy, malice; pity, -eous, beauty, duty; tempest, -uous, contempt; enormity, -mous; merit, -orious; mucilage, -inous. Some.-Toil, tire, dark, glad, quarrel, weary. See -ISHI. Y.-Grass, hill, shade, swamp, meal, flower, mud, cloud, wealth, grease, sleep, pearl, wire; friend, -ly, beast, brother, heaven, man, time; residue, -ary, imagine, element; subsidy, -iary; contradict, -ory, conciliate, declare, satisfy. Upward, outward, blbiferous, armigerous, globose, spheroid, Arabesque, statuesque, grotesque. VERBS. Ate, en, fy, ish, ize, ise. Derivative verbs generally signify To make or become; to impart the thing or quality to, or to exercise it; to make the ordinary use of; an act or state consisting of some common or permanent relation between the subject of the verb and the thing. Form and spell, making the requisite euphonic changes; and define :— Ate.-Alien, origin, germ, populous, luxury, fabric, facility, spoil, spoli-, grain, granu-, stimulous, office, vacant, circular. En.-Black, white, sharp, red, soft, moist, less, sweet, bright, strength, haste, glad, sad, ripe, quick, thick, fright. Fy.--Beauty, pure, just, simple, glory, class, sign, clear, clari-, right, recti-, peace, paci-, special, speci-, example, exempli-, fruit, fructi-; prophet, -esy. Ish.--Brand, bland, public, famine, languid. Ize, ise. (These generally signify to make, to apply, to act the part of.)-Legal, theory, modern, moral, organ, botany, tyrant, melody, familiar, character, apology; critic. Sharp ending to flat or rough.--Cloth, breath, wreath, bath, price, advice, grass, excuse, abuse, grief, half, thief. Accent changed.—Abstráct, conflict, absent, frequent, rebel. Word unchanged. (To make that use of which mankind generally make; some customary or habitual act or state; some active relation to.)-Hoe, shoe, shovel, plane, chisel, hammer, smoke, garden, farm, weed, plant, coop, soap, shear, gem, fire, lance, and the names of instrumental things generally. ADVERBS. Ly, ward or wards, wise or ways. Form, spell, and define :— Ly; like, manner, quality.—Bitter, strange, bright, plain, faint, fierce, swift, playful, studious, mere, scarce, in, one, on-, spiral, fearless, infallible. Ward, wards; direction.-Back, in, out, up, down, home, heaven, east, lee, wind. Wise, ways; manner, way.-Length, cross, other, side, edge; straight. Errors are sometimes inade in deriving words; as, Maintainance, preventative, proposial, for maintenance, preventive, proposal, from maintain, prevent, propose. Write down all the words you can think of as being derived from FORM. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. The numbers show the pages on which the answers are found. Introductory View. 89. What is said of Grammar? What is said of language, as the medium for conveying thoughts? What is said of language, as to its growth and decay? How does Grammar differ from Logic and Rhetoric? What is said of English Grammar? Into how many and what parts may it be divided? 90. What is said of Pronunciation? Of Orthography? Of Etymology? Of Syntax? Of Prosody? Pronunciation. 90. About how many elementary sounds has the English language? and how are they represented? What is said of the organs of speech? Of elementary sounds? Of inarticulate sounds? Of articulate sounds? What is a letter? What is meant by the powers of the letters? and how are they related to the names of the letters? The English alphabet is both deficient and redundant: explain how it is so. 91. How are the letters classified? What is the advantage of this classifi cation? What is said of vowels? Of consonants? Of w and y? Of u, i, and. x? Of mutes? Of semivowels? Of liquids? Of diphthongs? Of triphthongs? 92. When is a letter said to be silent? What sounds are made most prominent in singing? What is said, in the same connection, of letters, syllables, words, and accent? 92. Accent.-What is accent? What are some of its advantages? What is said of primary and of secondary accent? Give some examples. (Always give examples or illustrations with the answer, where such things are given in the book.) What is said of two equal accents on the same word? What is needed, to pronounce well? Which syllable is 93. On what syllables are most of our words accented? ti penult? and which is the antepenult? How are Latin, Greek, or Scriptural names accented? What is said of English words that have the chief accent far removed to the left? What is said of words ending in the sound of shun,' etc.? In cive, etc. ? In acal, etc.? In alive, etc.? What is said of words pronounced in different ways? 94. What is the first direction in regard to pronunciation? The second? The third? 95. The fourth? What is said of the accent of words that are used as different parts of speech? 98. What are some of the governing principles of Pronunciation? What general remark is made about English pronunciation? What is said of utterWhat is said of articulation? Degree of loudness or rapidity? tions? Tones? Emphasis? 97. Pauses? ance? Inflec Orthography. 97. In what styles are the letters used? In what sizes of type are they printed! 97. Capital Letters.-Letters are divided, according to their form, into what two great classes? What says rule 1st, to caution us against the excessive use of capital letters? How were capital letters used in Old English? What says rule 2d about commencing pieces of writing? What says rule 3d of sentences, or about the first word after a full pause? 98. What says rule 4th of important beginnings in sentences? What says rulo 5th of phrases? Rule 6th of poetry? Rule 7th of direct quotations? 99. What says rule 8th of indirect quotations? What is said of examples? What says rule 9th of names of Deity? What important remarks under the samo head? What says rule 11th of proper names and titles? What says rule 12th of the names of personified objects, and of common words and phrases applied to objects like proper names? What seem 100. What says rule 13th of personification? What says rule 14th of words derived from proper names? What says rule 15th on the same subject? What says rule 16th of chief words? 101. What says rule 17th of chief words? Rule 18th? Rule 19th of I and O? Rule 20th about doubtful cases? 105. What is said of taste as a guide to the use of capital letters? to be the two extremes of custom, in regard to the use of capital letters? What says rule 21st of proper names that assume common words to make new proper names? What says rule 22d of phrases applied to objects like proper names? What says rule 23d of phrases and sentences that are to be used as headings? 107. Syllables.-What is a syllable? Of what must every syllable consist? What is a word? How are words named according to the number of their syllables? What is a prefix? A suffix? A root, or radical? By what are we to be chiefly guided, in dividing words into their syllables? What letters should be given to every syllable? What is said of burnish, blanket, etc.? How should words be divided according to their prefixes, suffixes, etc.? Where derivation and pronunciation conflict, which should be followed? 108. How may words be divided at the ends of lines? When should words be compounded? 108. Spelling.-What is spelling? How is this art to be acquired? Why is it difficult to learn to spell the words of our language accurately? Rule 1st of doubling the final consonant? (Always give examples.), 109. What is said of the 7 which ends such words as duel, equal, etc.? Spell gravelly; and state why you spell it so. Why is metallic or excellent spelled with two l's? What says Rule 2d of final y? What exceptions? What is said of y unchanged? What exceptions? What says Rule 3d of final e? Exceptions? 110. What is said of final ie? Ofe before consonants? What exceptions? What says Rule 4th of the endings ize and ise? Give some exceptions. says Rule 5th of trebling the final letter? What says Rule 6th of compounds? What is said of 7 in such words as willful, thralldom, etc.? What says Rule 7th of final f, l, or 8? 111. What exceptions? What is said of mimic, traffic, etc.? 111. What is said off changed to v? Of the apostrophe? Of cei? "cian? and Of words spelled differently? Of contractions? Of tmesis? efy? What says What What 112. What is said of equivalent sounds?" 113. In the spelling of what words are we liable to make the most ludicrous errors? Derivation of Words. 113. How are words classified under this head? What is said of the elements of words? 1 and 2.) Define each kind. (See pp. Of prefixes? What is said of different prefixes, as capable PARTS OF SPEECH. Nearly all that we shall say from this page to page 288, belongs to Etymology and Syntax. A Part of Speech is a class of words, made according to their meaning and use in the construction of sentences. The English language has nine PARTS OF SPEECH; Nouns, Pronouns, Articles, Adjectives, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections. To this list, somo grammarians would add the Participles, separating them from the Verbs; and some would reject from it the Articles, classing them with the Adjectives. But participles seem to have no better claim to being ranked a separate part of speech than infinitives have; and the two articles, considering that they can not be always construed like adjectives, that they are used at least as much as all the adjectives, that they are liable to as many errors, that they are recognized in other languages, and that they merely aid nouns somewhat in the direction of their distinction into proper and common, are worthy of being mado a separate class. Language, as we shall see, is a most ingenious instrument; wonderfully adapted to the myriad-minded human race, and enabling them to lay hold of the world and manage it intellectually in every conceivable way. The above classification of words, however, exhausts it, and all its capabilities. The substantives and the verbs are the chief classes, and next to them are the adjectives and the adverbs. These four classes have, to some extent, what are called inflections; that is, they are sometimes changed in form to express a modification in the idea. Inflections abound most about the core or most ancient part of a language. In the course of time, they are often dropped, or detach themselves, their meaning being assumed by new and small words; so that the language becomes collocative rather than inflected. Such is the case with our language. It is properly the office of Grammar to treat of the classes of words, and of their properties which produce inflections; but, as the properties of words must also be regarded in the collocation of words, we usually treat of all those properties necessary to be regarded in the construction of sentences, whether they cause an entire change, a slight change, or even no change at all in the form of the word. Inflections, especially ancient ones, consist sometimes of a vowel change in the word; as man, men; goose, geese; mouse, mice; cling, clung: sometimes of a different ending; as, fox, foxes; ox, oxen; great, greater; send, sent; write, written: sometimes of something prefixed; as, beautiful, more beautiful; write, may write, did write, to write :. and sometimes of two or more of these combined; as, weave, woven; write, was written, to be writing; break, to have been broken. Words have sometimes been divided into substantives, attributives, and particles. Dr. Becker divides all words into notional words and form words. The former denote our notions, conceptions, or rather somewhat independent ideas; and virtually take up the gross of the world. They are the nouns, the principal verbs, and most of the adjectives and adverbs. The latter rather denote the ligatures. substitutes, and appendages,-the relations of our conceptions or notional ideas, -the various turns and windings of thought,-and give to language its adequate flexibility and force. They are articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, interjections, auxiliary verbs, and some adjectives and adverbs. Briefly, the former comprise conception-words,-thing-words, quality-words, and action-words; and the latter, substitutes and auxiliary words in general. Nouns. 5. NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. 50. A noun is a name. Ex.-George, Martha, Columbus, water, river, air, wind, farm, farmer, angel, world, mind, judgment, thought, joy, fitness, labor, laborer, laboriousness, Mary Jane Porter. The signs +, -, x, and +." "The pronouns he and who." "Moll or any other she." "To study reading, writing, and ciphering." "To attack the enemy being resolved upon." "I prefer green to yellow." "The clause, that man is born to trouble.'" "With his 'How do you do?' and 'What can I do for you?" "It would be improper, for us to do so." (What would be improper?) "That ll things good and beautiful must pass away, is a sorrowful reflection." (What a sorrowful reflection ?) Words from almost every other part of speech, also phrases and clauses, are sometimes used in the sense of nouns, and should then be parsed accordingly. 51. When two or more words form but one name, or are habitually used so, they may all be parsed together as one noun. Ex.-Henry Hudson, Juan Fernandez, New Orleans, Jefferson City, Brigadier General Commandant, Messrs. Harper, Misses Lewis, Gen. George Washington; and perhaps as well, Duke of Northumberland, Charles II, Alexander the Great. "Lord Bacon, Sir Walter Raleigh, Dr. Samuel Clarke, and the Duke of Marlborough, were not brought up in public schools."—-Sydney Smith. Classes. Nouns are divided into two classes,-proper and common; and a part of the common nouns may be divided into collective nouns, abstract nouns, and material nouns. PROPER means one's own; COMMON, belonging to several or many; COLLECTIVE, gathering into me; Abstract, drawn from something else; and MATERIAL, pertaining to substance or matter. 52. A proper noun is an individual name. Ex.-Mary, Alexander Hamilton, California, Washington City, St. Petersburg, Missouri, Paradise Lost; the Missouri; the Iliad; the Alleghanies; the Azores. And according to some authorities, "The Romans; the Cherokees; the Messrs. Harris." When we find plural capitalized names that distinguish groups in the same way as singular proper names distinguish individuals, it is perhaps best to parse them always as proper nouns.. When first applied to objects, serve to distinguish one indiMost of the names on maps, The number of proper nouns is Proper nouns do not admit of definition. they are generally given at pleasure; and they vidual of a kind, from others of the same kind. and the names of persons, are proper nouns. almost unlimited: that of places alone is said to exceed 70,000. Most proper nouns had originally some meaning, which, however, was not designed to make the word applicable to all other similar objects, but to distinguish and exclude the object named, from all others. EXAMPLES: Jerusalem, habitation of peace; Christ, anointed; Margaret, pearl; Thatcher, Harper, Smith, occupa tion; White, Long, Stout, quality; Brooks, Woods, Hill, Dale, locality; Westcott, Westcote, Northcutt, west cottage, north cottage; Mississippi, all the rivers; Minnesota, sky-tinted; Shenandoah, daughter of the stars; Winnipiseogee, smile of the Great Spirit. The meaning of most proper nouns is lost, or is not taken into consideration in applying them |