(B) TIMOR. TARIFF. By decree of January 20, 1887, Timor was given a simple sche of ad valorem import duties. Six per cent was the general rate t wine was to pay 5 per cent; cattle, pigs, wheat flour, and rice, 3 cent; and vegetables, glass, vessels, books, etc., only 1 per c while the stronger liquors, and ivory, articles of gold, silks, tob opium, guns, and powder were to pay from 20 per cent to 50 per No differentials appeared except in the free list, which it. Portuguese preserved meats and fish, sweetmeats, and co wine. Machines and tools, coal, and fish were the chief items d free list. The decree of December 1, 1887, introduced the differentials on tobacco which have been mentioned elsewhere' 58 The decree of June 8, 1897, increased the rates conside According to this decree articles not specified and not on the co hensive free list now pay 8 per cent, textiles and salt 10 per and the duties which previously ranged from 20 per cent to 50 cent have been increased to rates ranging from 30 per cent to cent.60 Decreases were not considerable in number or amount few articles formerly taxed 1 per cent were transferred to the f list. Aside from the duties on tobacco and liquors, the only differen duties are 6 per cent on foreign alimentary preserves and 8 per cent foreign sweetmeats and fruits, whereas the Portuguese products p only 1 per cent; and Portuguese oil enters free, while the foreg pays 8 per cent. Since 1897 there has been no general revision of these rates. 1903 Portuguese mineral waters were added to the free list, and: 1908 an additional duty was imposed on the foreign product. Spec permits with nominal fees are required of foreigners who wish visit the interior. Export duties have had somewhat the same history-there bu been very simple schedules, with increases of rates from time to ti: but the export duties are entirely without differentials. 68 It is not clear from the material available whether this last is part of the decree of Jan. 20, 18" 7 Timor, or of the general law of June 13, 1889, for the free entry of Portuguese wine into the colones. 19 See p. 494. 60 The list is as follows: Portuguese preserves and pickles. Scales, weighing machines, and decimal weights Silver, worked. Cotton textiles, mixed with silk Portuguese sweetmeats and fruits.. 1 Foreign wines. Birds.. 3 Gold, worked in plates, bars. The list given of articles free of duty includes practically all other items that would figure in the tra of these colonies. picul =62 kilograms=136 pounds. 100 reis per piculnearly 8 cents per 100 pounds. ept that minerals continue under the decree of Sept. 20, 1906. (See p. 494.) (C) MACAO. TARIFF. n account of the opening of several Chinese ports to vessels of ations, Macao was declared, in 1845, a free port. However, a was composed subjecting 17 items to a duty of 20 per cent on ortation, unless brought from Portugal in Portuguese vessels. list included arms, clothing, salt, wines, and liquors. There › provisions for warehousing and reexportation on payment per cent.61 urisdiction over Macao was disputed between Portugal and China il 1888, in which year China recognized Portugal's full soverity. Jeither the Bulletin International des Douanes nor the Pautas das andegas do Ultramar, corrected to July, 1906, shows any duties Macao.62 By treaty of June 14, 1913, between Portugal and Great Britain,63 holder of the opium monopoly in Macao was not to be permitted mport annually more than 260 chests for consumption and 240 65 sts for export. Commerce between Macao and Timor, and between these and the er Portuguese colonies, can be carried on in foreign vessels under › same conditions as those which govern national vessels.66 The inage dues imposed for Macao on January 19, 1887, are 100 times. high on vessels carrying emigrants as on others. BIBLIOGRAPHY.67 [See also the general works listed on p. 835 and the texts of treaties listed on p. 834.] OFFICIAL WORKS AND TEXTS OF TARIFFS. uta Geral das Alfandegas do Continente de Portugal e Ilhas Adjacentes. Nova edição official. Lisbon, 1865. Tito de Carvalho, Les Colonies Portugaises, p. 38. The British Board of Trade Journal in 1905 referred to certain duties as previously existing and to others having been imposed in 1906. This journal states that by decree of January 19, 1906, to be in effect from y 1, of that year, the monopolies of fish and salt are abolished; that fish, salt, and pork are to be free of port duties, but that other charges are to be levied-2 per cent on fish, 50 reis per head on live swine, d on salt either a landing duty of 2 reis per kilogram, or, if the salt be intended for the preservation of , a statistical duty of one-half real per kilo. Hertslet's Commercial Treaties, vol. 27, p. 1018. A chest 40 balls of raw opium. But the governor of Macao might license a larger importation for export "provided that proof is given at the said imports are destined to meet the requirements of lawful trade.' 56 Decree of Oct. 21, 1880. Pauta, schedule: geral, general; alfandegas, customs; ilhas, islands; vigentes, in force; ultramarinas, verseas; direitos, duties; sahida, export; tratados, treaties; aduaneira, customs. Ministerio dos Negocios da Marinha e Ultramar. Pautas Vigentes nas Alfandess de Mercadorias. July, 1916. A small pamphlet by the Commercio do Es The Polycommercial. Pautas, Tratados, Convenções e Modus-Vivendi das Ali do Continente e Ilhas Adjacentes. 2d ed. Aug. 1913. Direcção Geral Ultramar. Pauta das Alfandegas do Ultramar. July, 1905. IL pages 131-164 of some larger publication. Diario do Governo. The official bulletin of the Portuguese Government Marino Andrade de Fonseca, Director of Customs at Chinde. Novissimo Marz Legislação Aduaneira da Provincia de Moçambique. 1910. 368 pages. renço Marques, 1910. Pautas das Alfandegas com as respectivas Instrucções Preliminares approna Portaria Provincial No. 93, de 13 de Maio de 1916. Official edition, La Marques, 1916. Another edition with corrections to July, 1916, is found. Boletim das Alfandegas for July, 1916, and there is another official en. 1917. Ministerio da Marinha e Ultramar. Regime do Alcool nas Provincias Ultra Lisbon, 1903. Disposições que regulam a Pesquisa e Lavre de Ma possessões ultramarinas. (Decree of Sept. 20, 1906.) Lisbon, 1906. Ministerio das Colonias. Breve Relatorio acerca das Providencias tomadas e diplomas promulgados. E to Dec. 2, 1914.) Lisbon, 1913. Chiefly a list of titles. Colecção dos decretos promulgados em Virtude da faculdade_concedid artigo 87 da Constituição, no anno de 1913. Lisbon, 1913. Decrees d November, while the Congress was not in session. Colecção dos decretos, etc., much as above, for 1915 and another for 1916, none appears available for 1914. Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers, Cd. 3531, 1883. Administração geral das Alfandegas. Estatistica Geral das Alfandegas de Lo Benguella, Mossamedes, e Ambriz nos annos de 1890 a 1894. Lisbon, 18% GENERAL WORKS. Constitution de Portugal, 1911. Translated into French by Paul Errera. Revi Droit public et de la Science politique, 1911, No. 4. Marnoco e Souza, José Ferreira. Constituição Politica da Republica Portuguesa. Lisbon, 1912. Direito Publico. Poderes do Estado. Sua organização segundo a scie politica e o direito constitucional portugues. Coimbra, 1910. Morisseaux, Charles. La Compagnie à Charte de Mozambique. Reprinted from Revue Économique Internationale, April, 1906. Brussels. Carvalho, Antonio Pedro de. As Pautas das Alfandegas das Provincias Ultramari Lisbon, 1870. Carvalho, Tito de. Les colonies portugaises au point de vue commercial. Paris Lisbon, 1900. The Delagoa Directory, 19th year, Lourenço Marques, 1917. Keller, A. G. Colonization. Boston, 1908. Seignobos, Charles. History of Medieval and Modern Civilization. New York, Zimmermann, A. Die Europäischen Kolonien. Leipzig, 1905. Young, George. Portugal, an Historical Study. London, 1917. Lichnowsky, Karl Max, Fürst von. My Mission in London, 1912-1914. Loads 1918. Portugal Durão, A. de. O Distrito de Quelimane. Bol. da Soc. de Geog, de Lisb 1914. Great Britain, Geographical Section of the Naval Intelligence Division, Naval Stat Admiralty Manual of Portuguese East Africa. 1920. Great Britain, Foreign Office. Peace Handbooks, Vol. XIX, Nos. 115–121; Vi XIII, Nos. 79-81. 1920. Within one hundred years after the discovery of America, and before the English or the French had made their first permaner settlements in North America, the Spanish conquistadors had esta lished the authority of their sovereign over Cuba and other islands d the West Indies, over all of Central America, over most of Sout America with the exception of Brazil, which had been taken by the Portuguese, and over large portions of North America. T had also hoisted the flag of Spain at various points in the Prit Ocean. The occupation of Cuba began in 1511. Panama and Vera Cruz were founded in 1519; Cartagena, in 1532; Lima, in 1 Santiago de Chile, in 1541; Valparaiso, in 1544; and St. Augustine (Florida) in 1565. The occupation of the Philippine Islands We begun in 1564. The Spaniards were the first people of modern history to colonize seriously and on a large scale. Instead of founding "factories" the coast or preferably on islands just off the coast-as did th Portuguese, they conquered and occupied the hinterland. They established cities, estates, missions, and mining camps. Equall with the Portuguese, they sought prompt material gains, but ther methods were different. The Portuguese were commercial monope lists and carriers, middlemen between Europe and the Spice Islands The Spaniards were political conquerors and rulers; incidentally they monopolized the commerce of their colonies, but chiefly they drained the gold and silver of the New World, taken from the natives or from the mines which they compelled the natives to work directly to Spain. The cities and mountains of Mexico and Per vielded them their greatest prizes, while they administered the fertile plains of the River Plate region only at a loss. Spain acquired her colonial empire, as several other powers hav done, largely through the initiative and the ambitious activities d private individuals, but after the initial discoveries and conques the Government asserted itself and regulated and administered practically everything that was not left to the direction of the church. Because of the differences of method, particularly the troduction of relatively large numbers of military and civil office personnel, priests, and settlers, the impression of the civilization d the mother country upon the natives of the Tropics was much deeper in the case of Spain than in the case of Portugal or of later colonis! powers. Having been held in political and economic subjection. even after the relaxing of the commercial system in the eighteenth century, the American colonies of Spain, given the opportunity through Napoleon's conquest of the mother country, declared, and between 1810 and 1824 attained, their independence. The islands of Cuba and Porto Rico, however, remained dependent and until the end of the nineteenth century they and the Philippines, and he Marshall, Caroline, and Ladrone Islands, constituted most of the Spanish colonial empire. the |