must compare one opinion or one style with another; and, when he compares, must necessarily distinguish, reject, and prefer. But the account given by himself of his studies was, that from fourteen to twenty he read only for amusement, from twenty to twenty-seven for improvement and instruction; that in the first part of this time he desired only to know, and in the second he endeavoured to judge.

The Pastorals, which had been for some time handed about among poets and critics, were at last printed (1709) in Tonson's Miscellany, in a volume which began with the Pastorals of Philips, and ended with those of Pope.

The same year was written the "Essay on Cri"ticism;" a work which displays such extent of comprehension, such nicety of distinction, such acquaintance with mankind, and such knowledge both of ancient and modern learning, as are not often attained by the maturest age, and longest experience. It was published about two years afterwards; and, being praised by Addison in the "Spectator," with sufficient liberality, met with so much favour as enraged Dennis, "who," he says, "found himself attacked, without any manner of "provocation on his side, and attacked in his per

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instead of his writings, by one who was "wholly a stranger to him, at a time when all the "world knew he was persecuted by fortune; and "not only saw that this was attempted in a clan "destine manner, with the utmost falsehood and "calumny, but found that all this was done by a "little affected hypocrite, who had nothing in his

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"mouth at the same time, but truth, candour, friendship, good-nature, humanity, and magnanimity."

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How the attack was clandestine is not easily perceived, nor how his person is depreciated; but he seems to have known something of Pope's character, in whom may be discovered an appetite to talk too frequently of his own virtues.

The pamphlet is such as rage might be expected to dictate. He supposes himself to be asked two questions; whether the Essay will succeed, and who or what is the author.

Its success he admits to be secured by the false opinions then prevalent; the author he concludes to be " young and raw.'

"First, because he discovers a sufficiency beyond "his little ability, and hath rashly undertaken a "task infinitely above his force. Secondly, while "this little author struts, and affects the dictato"rian air, he plainly shews, that at the same time "he is under the rod and, while he pretends to

give laws to others, is a pedantic slave to au"thority and opinion. Thirdly, he hath, like "school-boys, borrowed both from living and dead. "Fourthly, he knows not his own mind, and fre"quently contradicts himself. Fifthly, he is "almost perpetually in the wrong.'

All these positions he attempts to prove by quotations and remarks; but his desire to do mischief is greater than his power. He has, however, justly criticised some passages in these lines :

There are whom heaven has bless'd with store of wit,
Yet wants as much again to manage it;

For wit and judgment ever are at strife—

It is apparent that wit has two meanings, and that what is wanted, though called wit, is truly judgment. So far Dennis is undoubtedly right; but not content with argument, he will have a little mirth, and triumphs over the first couplet in terms too elegant to be forgotten. "By the way, what 66 rare numbers are here! Would not one swear "that this youngster had espoused some antiquated Muse, who had sued out a divorce on account of "impotence, from some superannuated sinner; and, having been p-xed by her former spouse, has "got the gout in her decripit age, which makes "her hobble so damnably?" This was the man who would reform a nation sinking into barbarity.

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In another place Pope himself allowed that Dennis had detected one of those blunders which are called "bulls." The first edition had this line,

What is this wit

Where wanted scorn'd; and envied where acquir'd? "How," says the critic, "can wit be scorn'd where "it is not? Is not this a figure frequently em

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ployed in Hibernian land? The person that "wants this wit may indeed be scorned, but the "scorn shews the honour the contemner has for "wit." Of this remark Pope made the proper use, by correcting the passage.

I have preserved, I think, all that is reasonable in Dennis's criticism; it remains that justice be done to his delicacy. "For his acquaintance (says

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Dennis) he names Mr. Walsh, who had by no means "the qualification which this author reckons abso"lutely necessary to a critic, it being very certain "that he was, like this Essayer, a very indifferent

poet; he loved to be well-dressed; and I remem"ber a little young gentleman whom Mr. Walsh "used to take into his company as a double foil to "his person and capacity. Enquire, between Sun"ninghill and Oakingham, for a young, short, squab "gentleman, the very bow of the God of Love, and "tell me whether he be a proper author to make "personal reflections ?--He may extol the ancients, "but he has reason to thank the gods that he was "born a modern; for had he been born of Grecian

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parents, and his father consequently had by law "had the absolute disposal of him, his life had been "no longer than that of one of his poems, the life "of half a day.-Let the person of a gentleman of "his parts be never so contemptible, his inward "man is ten times more ridiculous; it being impossible that his outward form, though it be that "of downright monkey, should differ so much from "human shape, as his unthinking, immaterial part "does from human understanding." Thus began the hostility between Pope and Dennis, which, though it was suspended for a short time, never was appeased. Pope seems, at first, to have attacked him wantonly; but though he always professed to despise him, he discovers, by mentioning him very often, that he felt his force or his venom.

Of this Essay, Pope declared, that he did not expect the sale to be quick, because "not one gentle“man in sixty, even of liberal education, could

“understand it." The gentleman, and the education of that time, seem to have been of a lower character than they are of this. He mentioned a thousand copies as a numerous impression.

Dennis was not his only censurer: the zealous Papists thought the monks treated with too much contempt, and Erasmus too studiously praised; but to these objections he had not much regard.

The "Essay" has been translated into French by Hamilton, author of the "Comte de Gram"mont," whose version was never printed, by Robotham, secretary to the king for Hanover, and by Resnel; and commented by Dr. Warburton, who has discovered in it such order and connexion as was not perceived by Addison, nor, as is said, intended by the author..

Almost every poem, consisting of precepts, is so far arbitrary and immethodical, that many of the paragraphs may change places with no apparent inconvenience; for of two or more positions, depending upon some remote and general principle, there is seldom any cogent reason why one should precede the other. But for the order in which they stand, whatever it be, a little ingenuity may easily give a reason. "It is possible," says Hooker, "that, by long circumduction, from any one truth "all truth may be inferred." be inferred." Of all homogeneous truths, at least of all truths respecting the same general end, in whatever series they may be produced, a concatenation by intermediate ideas may be formed, such as, when it is once shewn, shall appear natural; but if this order be reversed, another mode of connection equally specious may be