11. Every city should support an art museum. 12. Rebecca was more generous than Rowena was. 13. Dickens is more popular than Thackeray is. 14. Every pupil should be compelled to memorize some passages from Shakespeare's dramas.

15. A good-natured person is bound to have many friends. 16. Truthfulness is to be preferred to success.

17. The means to an end should be honorable, whether or not the end is gained.

18. Accuracy is the trait most necessary to editors of books.

19. Farming requires more intelligence than bookkeeping does.

20. Benjamin Franklin was a typical diplomat.

Formal Debate. The formal debate offers much more training. In the formal debate the question must be chosen, the leaders selected, the arguments worked up, and all preparations made in advance. The debaters are usually six in number: three on the affirmative, three on the negative side. Each side must determine in what order the arguments are to be presented, and who is to present them; each must find out what arguments are to be proposed by the opposite side, and be prepared, as far as possible, to refute these. Speeches should be written out and memorized or else thought out very carefully. The arguments should be arranged in the order of their importance, the strongest coming last. Notes may be taken into the debate, if they are written on small sheets of paper and are not conspicuous.

A chairman presides, whose duty it is to announce

the question under discussion. The proposition should always be stated in the affirmative, for example, "Resolved, That asphalt sidewalks are more desirable than concrete." The first speaker on the affirmative side rises, says, " Mr. Chairman," the chairman recognizes him, saying, "Mr. The speaker then proceeds to discuss the question, defines terms, explains the outline of argument on his side, and gives the introductory arguments. The second person to argue is the first speaker on the negative. After he is recognized by the "chair," he should introduce the argument on the negative side, and refute the special arguments of the first speaker. Next comes the second speaker on the affirmative, who may continue the arguments on his side and may refute the arguments of the speaker for the negative. Other speakers on both sides continue the argument alternately. In conclusion, the leader on the affirmative rises, gives a résumé of the arguments on his side, explains what they have proved, and gives his rebuttal, or final refutation, of the arguments of the negative. Next comes the leader on the negative, who sums up the arguments on his side and refutes the arguments of the affirmative. Frequently, judges who have been invited to attend the debate decide which side has won the argument. Their decision is announced by the chairman.

In order to debate successfully, speakers should (1) practise frequently, (2) devote care and atten

tion to shaping the argument, (3) study both sides, (4) keep cool and calm and not become angry, (5) be fair and candid, willing to admit good points made by the opposite side.

The rules of parliamentary procedure are very exact. H. M. Robert's Rules of Order for Deliberative Assemblies is the standard (brief) authority.

Material for debate may be found by referring to histories, newspapers, encyclopædias, magazines, and various handbooks on argumentation. Learn to use the card catalogue of the public library, Poole's Index to Periodical Literature, the A. L. A. Index to General Literature and Annual Literary Supplement, Sonnenschein's Best Books and Guide to Contemporary Literature. These volumes will be found in the public library of any large city.

EXERCISE

Look over the files of The Outlook, The Independent, The World's Work, and The Review of Reviews and make a list of ten subjects that are debatable. The class should, then, choose a subject for debate, the teacher should choose six debaters, who after two weeks, at least, of preparation will carry on the debate before the class.

TOPICS FOR FORMAL DEBATE

1. The United States should have compulsory military service.

2. Every store should close each day at four o'clock. 3. No man should be allowed to vote who has not been in the United States four years.

4. Hawthorne is our most representative American author.

5. We should give the Philippines their liberty.

6. Our war with Spain was justifiable.

7. Immigration should be restricted by a literacy test. 8. The sale of firearms should be prohibited.

9. The secrecy of the ballot should be inviolate.

10. Ambassadors to foreign countries should be appointed for a term of ten years.

Prohibition, Suffrage, Non-resistance, Child Labor, Conservation, The Pork Barrel, and other topics under discussion to-day may be made the subject of debate. Students should be urged to formulate propositions connected with these subjects.

CHAPTER XV

THE STUDY OF LITERATURE

What Literature Is.

Literature consists of all the books and they are not so many where moral truth and human passion are touched with a certain largeness, variety, and attraction of form. My notion of the literary student is one who, through books, explores the strange voyages of man's moral reason, the impulses of the human heart, the chances and changes that have overtaken human ideals of virtue and happiness, of conduct and manners, and the shifting fortunes of great conceptions of truth and virtue. Poets, dramatists, humorists, satirists, masters of fiction, the great preachers, the character-writers, the maxim-writers, the great political orators, they are all literature in so far as they teach us to know man and to know human nature.

JOHN MORLEY: The Study of Literature.

The History of the Book. Book, derived from an Old English word, meaning beech, was used as a term to denote the beechen tablets upon which our ancestors wrote. It was not until about 1450 that printing was invented; therefore, until that date, all books were manuscript, laboriously written by hand, on parchment, or vellum, or, later, on paper. Before paper was manufactured, men took the skins of