published as the merely expository essay. John Stuart Mill's The Subjection of Women illustrates this type of argument.

EXERCISE

1. Draw a brief for one of the following propositions. 2. Develop your brief into a finished and completely formulated argument, in which you have an introduction, defining your subject, a body, and a conclusion, all arranged in methodical fashion and presented in clear, effective English. Be sure that the body of your argument is so arranged that your arguments will lead to a climax, the strongest arguments coming last. Give footnote references and add a bibliography such as is described on page 481.

1. Commencement exercises in high schools should be abolished.

2. A police officer should have an eight-hour day. 3. Every city should provide for band concerts during every week in summer.

4. Americans should study European history more than American history.

5. Europe encourages the production of art more than America does.

6. The tariff should be abolished.

7. The President of the United States should always be a lawyer.

8. The study of history should be encouraged.

9. Our diplomatic service should be reconstructed. 10. Every city should provide free lectures on hygiene. 11. This city should provide free gymnasiums for every hundred persons.

12. Child labor in factories should be abolished. 13. Compulsory military service will lead to war.

14. Every schoolboy should receive some manual training.

15. Every schoolgirl should receive instruction in nursing.

16. A high-school education should be required of every boy born in the United States.

17. The study of Latin is fundamental to a good education.

REVIEW OF ARGUMENTATION

1. State the differences between exposition and argumentation, and show how exposition is employed in argumentation.

2. Explain the difference between persuasion and conviction.

3. Explain what is meant by evidence, and name the different kinds of evidence.

4. Explain induction and deduction. What is a syllogism? What are the most common fallacies in arguments?

5. Name the important parts of an argument, explaining the steps by which the whole argument is built up from the beginning.

6. Explain why a brief must be different from a mere tabulated outline.

7. Where is spoken argument to be heard to-day? Where are specimens of written arguments to be found?

8. Why is it important that every citizen should be on his guard against false reasoning, fallacy, and sophistry?

CHAPTER XXIII

SUGGESTIONS FOR THE STUDY OF SELECTED MASTERPIECES

THESE Suggestions are not intended to be fully comprehensive, but rather to suggest various ways of approaching poetry. It will be seen, for example, that the suggestions under IV can be applied to I, II, or III.

THE STUDY OF LYCIDAS

I. Introductory Information. From your annotated edition of Lycidas find out all you can regarding Milton's life, the circumstances that led to the writing of Lycidas, the date of the publication of the poem, the history of the literary type called the pastoral elegy, and the fame of this poem.

II. Study of the Text. Read the poem through very slowly, looking up every word new to you. Stop at the end of each sentence to think over the idea in that sentence. Remember that this is a pastoral poem, a sort of sustained metaphor where every allusion to shepherds and to shepherd life has some inner relation to the life of Edward King.

Stop at the end of each of these groups to make sure that you have understood the meaning of each: 1. The Introduction; 2. The Invocation; 3. Reminiscences of Companionship; 4. The Mourning of Nature for Lycidas; 5. Reproach of the Nymphs; 6. Digression concerning Fame; 7. The Testimony of the Powers of the Sea; 8. Digression concerning the Church; 9. Apostrophe to Alpheus, with the List of Flowers; 10. Apostrophe to the Shepherds, with the Introduction of Consolation and Christian Hope; 11. Conclusion.

III. Form of the Poem. A Pastoral Elegy. What is the meaning of the word pastoral? How many pastoral references are there, such as references to food, to the fold, to the care of the flocks? Why did Milton use this imagery? Does it make the poem more pleasing to you to find these pictures of shepherd life?

What is the subject of an elegy? How much must the author of an elegy know about the person for whom he mourns? How much affection had Milton for King? Why did he regret King's death? In what way does he make you feel that King's death was a loss to the world? Would you recommend this elegy to a man whose friend had died? What other famous elegies are there in English literature?

IV. Versification. - Scan fifteen verses. the metre? Study the rime of those verses.

What is

What

is the rime scheme? Is there any onomatopoeia in the poem? Is there any alliteration? Scan the last eight lines. What is this stanza called?

V. Style and Diction. Count the number of verses in several of the sentences. What is the average length of a Miltonic sentence? What is the order of words and clauses in the sentence? How does it compare with the order of modern prose?

ARCHAIC WORDS. What is the meaning of the following words: - meed, lucky, boots, reft, amain, recks, apace, rathe, ruth, anon, uncouth? Collect other examples of archaic words.

SPECIFIC WORDS.- What is the specific picture in the following words? Find synonyms for each word: sere, shatter, welter, sultry, battening, sloped, gust, sanguine flower, scramble, freaked with jet, whelming tide. Collect examples of specific words of color, of form, of touch. Compare the diction of Lycidas with that of the prose specimens given under Description.

FIGURES OF SPEECH. Explain the figures of speech in the following quotations:- build the lofty rhyme, melodious tear, Sisters of the sacred well, the opening eyelids of the morn, winds her sultry horn, his westering wheel, shaggy top of Mona, wizard stream, Fame is the spur, my oat proceeds, beaked promontory, level brine, perfidious bark, rigged with curses dark, the watery floor.