from the appointed circumstances amid which they are at present ordained to live; and when this state of the general world shall be altered, their moral transformation will become a natural appendage to the great social and intellectual revolution which the Hebrew prophets attach to the ulterior ages. It is in animals as in fish-the largest are the mildest. The vast hippopotamus, the rhinoceros, and the elephant are as gentle and harmless as the sturgeon and the whale.t

That animals have feelings and passions very analogous to our own appears from many instances. Our rugged or oppressive conduct towards them more usually puts their resentful emotions into action, than their better capabilities; and this has caused their angry humours to be most frequently noticed. But many species show what must be

ciple, an experienced cavalry officer once told me that he did not fear the most vicious horse, and would soon cure it. I asked him as to his means; his answer was, "Always by mild and gentle treatment and forbearing patience. If you whip them, you make them bad tempered and continuedly vicious; but steady kindness, occasional humouring, as far as was safe, with a hard run now and then, to let their spirit exhaust itself, constituted always the most successful system."

Isaiah twice mentions this future condition of the earth, ch. xi. 6-9, and ch. lxv. 25, and Hosea, ch. ii. 18, alludes to it.

A power of subduing the mind or spirit of animals seems to be attainable by human ingenuity, though self interest may conceal the practical means. The Rev. ff. Townsend mentions a man in Ireland who would make any horse, however vicious or unruly, become, in half an hour, gentle and tractable, and durably so. When sent for, he ordered the stable door to be shut, and not to be opened until he gave the signal. After being alone with the horse for half an hour, during which little or no bustle was heard, he ordered the door to be unclosed, The refractory horse then appeared lying down, and the man by his side, playing with him familiarly as a child with a poppy, Mr. T. tried him with a trooper's horse that would not stand to be shod. He com pletely succeeded. "I observed that the animal appeared terrified whenever Bullivan either spoke or looked at him."-Rev. H. Townend's Statistical Survey of Cork,

A rackoon, having been one day Inshed by a servant, would never forgive him. Neither eggs nor fish, of which he was very fond, would appease it. Whenever the man approached, its eyes kindled; it endeavoured to spring at him; uttered mournful cries, and refused every thing offered until the servant went away. Bingt. An. Biog, vol. i. p. 200.....The patient camel retains the remembrance of an injury until he can avenge it; but is satisfied if it can believe that it has done so. When an Arab has excited his resentment, he disposes his clothes on a place which the animal will pass, so as to resemble himself sleeping under them. The camel recognises the garments, seizes them with bis teeth, shakes them with violence, and tramples on them. After it has

called kind affections. Monkeys evince them to each other.* Cows will protect each other,† and feel strongly for their young. Most animals evince pleasure at being caressed. Bears have exhibited strongly both connubial

taken this satisfaction, the owner may reappear, load, and guide him as he pleases.-Ib. vol. ii, p. 61.....The elephant's retaining his resentment, and unexpectedly revenging himself, have been frequently noticed.

* The inale and female are never tired of fondling their young one. Golds. vol. ii. p. 591.....Captain Crowe had several monkeys in his ship, of which one became sick. "It had been always a favourite with the others; and from the moment it was taken ill, they tended and nursed it with anxiety and tenderness. A struggle frequently ensued among them for priority in these offices of affection. Some would steal one thing, others another, in order to carry it to it, untasted by themselves, however tempting. They would take it up gently in their forepaws, hug it to their breasts, and cry over it, as a mother would over a suffering child. The little creature seemed sensible of their assiduities. It would sometimes come to me, and look me pitifully in the face, and ery, as if asking me to give it relief."-Crowe's Memoirs, 1830....Of two chimpanzees, from the Carnatic, the female died on the voyage. The male showed every sign of grief, refused to eat, and expired two days afterward.-Bingi. vol. i. p. 55........ Buffon, in 1764, had two fearful monkeys. When their young one came, he says nothing could be more beautiful than to see the two parents occupied with it, They were always carrying about or caressing it. The male loved it greatly, They held it alternately; but now and then, when it did not hold propérly, they gave it a severe bite.

f I saw a dog in Petersham meadows barking at a cow. The other Cows about turned round at his noise, and perceiving him, walked slowly up to the other, as if to assist her. The next month this occurred more decidedly there; a dog attacked one of the cows, which bent her head to present her horns. He persisted, and she, intimidated, retreated, while he pursued her. The other cows at a distance first raised their heads to listen; then turned round to the sound, and, seeing their fellowcow still distressed by the dog, one moved towards her; then two others; another furiously galloped up to them, and six formed into a semicircle round her to protect her. The dog, undismayed, renewed his attack, when one of the assisting cows left the circle and ran deliberately at him, The dog quitted the one whom he was persecuting; but seeing the other continuing to rush at him, seemed to think that he was in danger, and moved away silently and slowly. But the excited cow went after him. He then quickened his walk into a run. She galloped determinately after him as fast as she could, as if to punish him, till he at last outran her and escaped.

In September, 1829, the Cheltenham Chronicle described a cow that in the week preceding had run hastily up to a gentleman's bailiff that had entered the field. Mistaking her intentions, he moved away. She then stopped and bellowed in a distressing manner, as if to gain his attention. Seeing him look towards her, she went to a ditch, and again made a loud noise. He walked to it, and saw a calf on its back, almost lifeless from its ineffectual struggles to release itself. He pulled it out just in time to save its life, when the mother jumped and fondled round him like a dog, frequently licking his hand.

ȘI have tried this with cows and sheep. Many others, especially

and maternal sensibilities.* The beaver has felt or imitated them.† Lions‡ also discover the same sympathies to be

horses and elephants, as well as our domesticated ones, manifest their gratification at being kindly noticed. Sir W. Jones mentions of the slow lemur which he kept, "At all times he was pleased with being stroked on the head and throat. If I presented my finger to him, he licked or * nibbled it with great gentleness."-Asiat. Reg. vol. iv... Jackals love to be fondled and patted with the hand; and when called, will leap on a chair.-Pennant, Quad.....The Brazilian paca licks the hand that caresses it; and if gently stroked on its back, by a small cry expresses its acknowledgments, and seems to solicit a continuance of the favour. Burlon had the one he describes.

* Mr. Hearne describes the males of this species as so much attached to their mates at some times of the year, that he has often seen one of them advance when a female was killed, and put his paws over her, and in this position suffer himself to be shot rather than quit her. -Hearne's Jour..... "The female bear seems to love her young with astonishing ardour. She prepares for them a bed of moss and herbs at the bottom of her cavern, and suckles them till able to go abroad with ber."-Buffon.

When the Carcasse frigate was locked in the northern ice, a she-bear and her two cubs, nearly as large as herself, came towards them. The crew threw to them great lumps of sea-horse blubber. The old bear fetched these away singly, and divided them between her young ones, reserving but a small piece for herself. The sailors shot the cubs as she was conveying the last portion, and wounded her. She could just crawl with it to them, tore it in pieces, and laid it before them. When she saw they did not eat, she laid her paws first on one, then on the other, and tried to raise them up, moaning pitifully all the while. She then moved from them, looked back, and moaned, as if for them to follow her. Finding they did not, she returned, smelt them, and licked their wounds; again left them, again returned; and with signs of inexpressible fondness went round them, pawing and moaning. At last she raised her head towards the ship, and uttered a growl of despair, when a volley of musket balls killed her.-Phipp's Voyage. Bingley, vol. i. p. 283.

↑ Where a tame beaver was kept, a cat with kittens took possession of its bed. It did not turn her out; but when she chose to be absent, it often took one of the kittens in its paws, and held it to his breast to warm it, and seemed to dote upon it. As soon as the cat came back, the beaver always restored the kitten to her.-Bing!, An. Biog, vol. ii. p. 15..... The beavers are also playful. Near the arctic regions, a gentleman espied five young beavers sporting in the water; leaping upon the trunk of a tree, pushing one another off, and playing a thousand fantastic tricks." He was about to fire on them, but saw "such a similitude between their gestures and the infantile caresses of his own children, that he threw away his gun."-Capt. Frankl. Journ. p. 92.

Mr. Hope relates, that dining one day with the Duchess of Hamilton, who kept a hon, a sergeant with recruits arrived at the gate, and begged to see it. Being admitted, the sergeant, who three years before had taken care of him from Gibraltar, called bim by his name, "Nero;" and the animal rose up from his food, and came wagging his tail to the side of

within them.

So have the unmanageable elks.* The apes and orang outangs have repeatedly indicated affectionate sympathies. Even the hog we despise is not destitute of them; and is peculiarly sensitive of weather, and naturally select in its food.‡ But all classes of animals, from the

the cage, where the man patted him. He seemed pleased; went to and⚫ fro, rubbing himself against the place where his benefactor stood, and licking his hand as it was held out to him.-Bingl. An. Biog. vol. i. p. 219... A negro, who had reared a lion and lioness from whelps, came with them from Africa to the late Exeter 'Change in London. They permitted him to enter their den, and would fawn and play round him like kittens. He frequently had a table in their den, and sitting down there, would quietly smoke his pipe.-Ib. 220....Sir George Da vis had brought up a lion from a whelp; and at five years old parted with it, as it began to be mischievous. Three years afterward, he saw it in the grand-duke's menagerie at Florence. Though then fierce to others, when Sir George appeared at the gate the animal remembered him, ran to him, reared up, and licked his hand. He entered its den, and the lion threw its paws upon his shoulders, licked his face, and ran about the place, fawning and as full of joy as a dog at the sight of his master.-Ib. 218.

M. D'Obsonville, in the East Indies, kept an elk, from twelve days old, for two years. It always came when he called. Leaving Sumatra, he gave it to Mr. Law; in whose country house, being chained and alone, it became furious and dangerous. Some months afterward D'Obsonville returned and went to it. "It knew me afar off. I ran to meet it, and shall never forget the impressions of its transports and caresses."—Bingl. vol. ii. p. 73.... Dr. W. Hunter's nyighan always licked the hand that stroked it or gave it bread.... Dareli had an elk caught young, which was singularly docile and sagacious, and lived many years domesticated with him.-Swed. Ac. Sciences.

An orang outang, brought in 1817 from Borneo, and described by Mr. Abel, soon became attached to those persons who used him kindly; would sit by their side, and run to them for protection.... The female one brought to Holland in 1776 loved to be with those to whose care she was intrusted. "Her keeper having sometimes sat near her on the ground, she would frequently take the hay of her bed, arrange it by her side, and with the greatest anxiety and affection invite him to sit down." -Bingl. vol. i. p. 58.

"It appears to foresee the approach of bad weather; bringing straw in its mouth to its sty, preparing a bed, and hiding itself from the impending storm. Nor is it less agitated when it hears any of its kind in distress. When a hog is caught in a gate, or suffers from any domestic operations, all the rest are seen to gather round it, to lend their fruitless assistance, and to sympathize with its sufferings."-Goldsm. vol. ii. p. 168....In their natural or wild state, they are the most delicate in the choice of what vegetables they shall feed on; and reject a greater number than most of the rest. Linnæus states the cow to eat 276 plants, and refuse 218; the goat eats 449, and declines 126; the sheep takes 387, and rejects 141; the horse likes 202, and avoids 212. "But the hog, more nice in its provision than any of the former, eats but 72 plants, and rejects 171."-Goldsm. p. 166.

greatest to the least, have given striking demonstrations that their mental principle has these moral sensitivities as truly as the superior human spirit.*

LETTER XIV.

A brief Review of the Qualities, Phenomena and Character of the Quadruped Mind

FROM the senses and sensibilities of quadrupeds let us pass to the consideration of their indications of a perceiving, attending, and thinking mind.

To collect provisions for their future use, to hoard them in safe places, and to use them gradually for their daily sustenance, are actions in the human race which display and require great prudence, foresight, just reasoning, will acting upon judgment, and much self-command. A very

"The sea otters are so affectionate to their young, that they will pine to death at the loss of them; and die on the very spot where those have been taken from them. They are very sportive, embrace each other, and even kiss."-Pennant.... If the hunters come on the female by surprise, and separate her from her young one, the cub is instantly taken; but the mother no sooner hears its cries than she swims to the boat from which they proceed; and, regardless of all danger,

shares its fate.

Buffon remarks of the mole-" So lively and reciprocal an attachment subsists between the male and female, that they seem to dread or disrelish all other society. They enjoy the placid habits of repose and of solitude. " He describes the curious architecture of their subterraneous abode and its passages.

In 1827, at Brighton, an hyena was shown, with its usual fierceness; but the young man coming in who some years before nad reared it from a cub, and brought it to England, though it was snarling and snapping at others as he entered, yet it recognised him, bounded about the cage in manifest delight, rubbed himself against the young man's band that patted his head, and seemed gratified by his caresses.

Monkeys abound at Gibraltar. In a letter from thence, in 1827, the writer says, "I fell in with a family of ten, and watched their motions. They appeared to be a father and mother, with five grown up, and three small ones. Of these, one was still at the breast, though large enough to be weaned. The mother was sitting with great gravity, nursing it, with her hand behind it. The older offspring were skipping up and down the rocks and walls, playing all sorts of antic tricks with one

another."