posed by the Medical Department of the University of Michigan, but was rejected by the joint faculties. The report shows a marked increase in requirements as to preliminary education during the year 1890. It shows also that the movement for four years' study and three courses of lectures is an assured success, and a list is given of the colleges that have adopted or will soon adopt the requirements of longer terms of study.

Several State boards, having authority similar to the ILLINOIS BOARD, have already adopted the requirement in this respect, and those that have not already done so, will in a short time co-operate in the movement. The potency of this factor will be appreciated when it is considered that these boards directly control the recognition of diplomas in an area embracing about 41,000,000 people, and indirectly in almost the entire area of the United States; and that a number of them exercise jurisdiction in the new States and Territories.

It is suggested in the report that, with four years' study and three courses of lectures assured, the boards of medical examiners and the colleges should co-operate in establishing a system of registration of medical students before they enter college, in order that the requirement of one year of study outside a college may not be mere form.

A correct resume of the medical practice acts in the different States and Territories is a valuable addition to the report. Comprehensive tables show the progress made toward higher medical education in the past ten years, with the numbers of matriculates and graduates for each year, and the percentage of graduates to matriculates. These tables show the effect of the schedule of minimun requirements of the Illinois Board after the sesson of 1882-83. In 1882-83 the total number of medical students in the United States was 12,274, while in 1884-85 it was 10,987; and the 12,000 mark was not reached again until 1887-88. The percentage of graduates to matriculates in the United States has fallen from 35.8 in 1881-82 to 30.1 in 1890. The percentage in Canada has not reached 24 in ten years.

That portion of the report devoted to institutions and regulations in foreign countries contains in full the requirements of the examining boards in Great Britain, with the names of all the medical schools and of all the hospitals in which instruction is given. The requirements as to peliminary education in foreign countries are given for

purposes of comparison, as well as the requirements for graduation and for the license to practice. The course of study and the semesters in which the various subjects should be taken up, as advised in the German universities, as well as a description of the German method of examining for the license to practice, are given in full. In addition, the correct names and locations of foreign medical institutions are given.

PHYSIOGNOMY AND EXPRESSION. By Paolo Mantegazza, Senator; Director of the National Museum of Anthropology, Florence; President of the Italian Society of Anthropology,-Two double numbers of "The Humbolt Library," price 30 cents each. The Humbolt Publishing Co., 28 Lafayette Place, New York.

Professor Mantegazza is the leading anthropologist of Italy, and his work has been already translated into several European languages. He has written a new chapter for the present edition, which contains his latest views on the subject, which he has made his own. Taking up the study of expression where it was left by Darwin, Professer Mantegazza has treated the subject in a style that is at once popular and scientific. He has endeavored to distinguish ebserved facts from mere opinion or imagination, and he has given definiteness and coherence to the many new facts already collected.

The ancients, from Cleanthes up, believed that they could recognize dispositions from the looks. Lavater, who was a physician, a naturalist, and, above all, and enthusiast, first gave something of a rational form to physiognomy. What the volume proposes is "to restore anthropology and to psychology that which belongs to it by right, and to make known the positive documents which we possess today on the human countenance and on expression."

PHYSICAL DIAGNOSIS AND PRACTICAL URINALYSIS. An Fpitome of the Physical Signs of the Heart, Lung, Kidney and Spleen in Health and Disease. Edited by John E. Clark, M. D., Professor of General Chemistry and Physics in the Detroit College of Medicine. 41 illustrations. Cloth, 12mo, 200 pages; price, postpaid, $1.00, Iliustrated Medical Journal Co., Publishers, Detroit, Mich.

In the arrangement of this work the object has been to present to the medical student and practitioner a systematic and condensed course of Physical Diagnos is and Urinalysis. The portion on Urinalysis will be found to consist of two parts, practical and reference. The editor believes there is a demand, in many medical chools and by many medical students, for a short, definite course of

organic chemistry, touching alone on those subjects of every-day interest to the medical practitioner, such as the analysis of urine, chemical, and microscopical; the examination of sputa, bile, blood, bacteria, etc.; methods for the quantitative estimation of the more important urinary constituents, normal and abnormal, such as urea, chlorides, sugar, albumen, etc. To meet these requirements the editor has compiled this volume. Teachers in the laboratory will find the work of advantage as giving the plan for definite instruction with such manipulatory details as will enable students to pursue the course of urine analysis with the mimimum of assistance. This is essentially the same as the course given by the editor in the college with which he is connected. Plates have been introduced as needed to still further assist in elucidating the text.

PAMPHLETS.

[In most cases any one desiring a copy of any pamphlet noticed under this head will doubtless receive it by addressing the author-not forgetting to enclose a stamp and a mention of the GAZETTE.]

Uric Acid Diathesis in Affections of the Eye, Ear, Throat and Nose. By W. Cheatham, M. D., Louisville, Ky.

The writer thinks that specialists do not give enough attention to the gouty diathesis in this country.

An Analysis of the Motor Symptoms and Condition of the Ocular Apperalus as Observed in Imbecility, Epilepsy and the Second Stage of General Paralysis of the Insane. By Chas. A. Oliver, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.

This paper presents a series of observations and conclusions, the result of four years' work in this class of cases at the State Hospital for the Insane at Norristown, Pa.

Persistent Headaches and How to Cure Them. By Julian J. Chisholm, M. D., Baltimore, Maryland.

He

Dr. Chisholm presents his pleas for the more frequent use of spectacles for the relief of headache, in his usual vigorous manner. says there is a society for protecting children from cruel treatment. It prohibits their employment in factories. The factories which should head the list as most abusive to their general well-being are the schools as they are now conducted.

Hypodermic Medication in Diseases of the Eye. By Charles J. Lundy, M. D.. Detroit, Michigan.

Dr. Lundy urges the more frequent use of the hypodermic syringe in the treatment of eye diseases.

The Relation of Eye Strain to General Medicine. By George M. Gould, M. D., Philadelphia, Pa.

This is an excellent presentation of this subject as now held by most oculists.

Case of Corneal Transplantation from the Rabbit to the Human Eye. By Wm F. Smith, Chicago, Ill.

Dr. Smith does not believe the results of this operation very favorable.

Imaginary Foreign Bodies in the Throat. By Max Thomer, M. D., Cincinnati, Ohio.

The author thinks that in some cases we are justified in resorting to some innocent deception if, by so doing, we can cure our patient of his presumption and restore his balance of mind. The "innocent deception" is rather hard on the other honest physician who has endeavored to persuade the patient that there is nothing in the throat. We have been the "honest physician "several times recently.

The Treatment of Cystic Goitre by Electrolysis. By E. Fletcher Ingals, M. D., Chicago, Illinois.

After reviewing the various methods of treating cystic goitre, Dr. Ingals reports two cases that had resisted other methods of treatment which rapidly disappeared under the influence of strong electrical

currents.

Removal of Tonsilar Hypertrophy by Electro-Cautery Dissection. By Edwin Pynchon, M. D., Chicago, Ill.

The title scarcely conveys an intelligent idea of the writer's operation which is reserved for the treatment of those cases wherein the

gland is hypertrophid though but slightly enlarged. The hypertrophy is more of the folicles than of the glands which are filled with a cheesy secretion of a disagreeable odor. These cases are usu ally met in adults. It is impossible to remove them with the ordinary tonsilitome. Other methods of treatment have proved unavailing and he recommends the dissecting them out with the electro cautery. We can see no advantage of this procedure over that of abelation with the knife.

The Treatment of Diseased Tonsils when Unattended with Hypertrophy. By John O. Roe, M. D., of Rochester, N. Y.

Dr. Roe calls attention to the fact that this diseased condition (see preceding article) of the tonsil follows as a sequellae of the hypertrophic tonsils of children, and illustrates the necessity of removing from the throats of children all tonsils attended by hypertrophy. The treatment, par excellence, in Dr. Rae's experience is the removal with the knife, and the reviewer can testify to its efficiency and value and freedom from hemorrhages, as he has been using this method for years with the most satisfactory results.

Reflex Pharyngitis of Nasal Origin. By A. B. Thresher, A. M., M. D., Cincinnati, O. The author calls attention to the fact that patients often present themselves with the ready made diagnosis of sore throat, when a careful examination fails to reveal any pathological lesion in the pharynx. Not unfrequently these throats are penciled and painted and sprayed for a time with no relief to the patient, who finally either ceases to hope for relief or passes to another doctor, only to undergo the same treatment.

Diphtheria: with Special Reference to its Treatment with Hydrogen Peroxide. By W. A. Dickey, M. D,, Tiffin, O.

The writer believes that in the use of this drug we have a valuable local application in the treatment of diphtheria.

Two Cases of Nasal Hydrorrhoea by T. Melville Hardie, B. A., M. B., with a report of the Eye Symptom. By Carey A. Wood, M. D., C. M., Chicago, Ill.

This is a valuable contribution to this unusual disease. A careful consideration of these cases leads to the conclusion that nasal hydrorrhoea is not a disease, per se, but a symptom of many pathological lesions.

Catarrhal Otitis Media. By Lawreuce Trumbull, M. D.. Philadelphia, Pa.

Dr. Trumbull calls attention to the dangers resulting from the use of the various so-called "ear drums" and publishes a letter from a patient detailing a history of his case in an intelligent manner, and the reply.

NOTES AND COMMENTS.

Dr. Edward Cushing has returned from abroad and is associated in practice with his father, Dr. H. K. Cushing, at No. 20 Euclid

avenue.